土木工程毕业外文文献及翻译Word文档格式.docx

土木工程毕业外文文献及翻译Word文档格式.docx

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年级专业：

2011级土木工程专业

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XXX

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StructuralSystemstoresistlateralloads

指导老师评语：

该生的外文翻译题目《StructuralSystemstoresistlateralloads》该译文基本能与原文关联，思路比较清晰，语句基本通顺，层次清晰，观点表达基本准确。

且该生在专业术语、词汇翻译有较高的准确度，叙述层次分明，有较强的逻辑性且格式规范，内容丰富，符合要求。

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1.CommonlyUsedstructuralSystems

Withloadsmeasuredintensofthousandskips,thereislittleroominthedesignofhigh-risebuildingsforexcessivelycomplexthoughts.Indeed,thebetterhigh-risebuildingscarrytheuniversaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtandclarityofexpression.

Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomforgrandthoughts.Indeed,itiswithsuchgrandthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhigh-risebuildingshasevolved.Perhapsmoreimportant,thenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohavebecomecommonplaceintoday’stechnology.

Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstruction,themostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhigh-risebuildingscanbecategorizedasfollows:

1.Moment-resistingframes.

2.Bracedframes,includingeccentricallybracedframes.

3.Shearwalls,includingsteelplateshearwalls.

4.Tube-in-tubestructures.

5.Tube-in-tubestructures.

6.Core-interactivestructures.

7.Cellularorbundled-tubesystems.

Particularlywiththerecenttrendtowardmorecomplexforms,butinresponsealsototheneedforincreasedstiffnesstoresisttheforcesfromwindandearthquake,mosthigh-risebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframes,bracedbents,shearwalls,andrelatedsystems.Further,forthetallerbuildings,themajoritiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthree-dimensionalarrays.

Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessforhigh-risebuildings.Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmental,functional,andcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights.Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture.Tothecontrary,manyexamplesoffinearchitecturehavebeencreatedwithonlymoderatesupportfromthestructuralengineer,whileonlyfinestructure,notgreatarchitecture,canbedevelopedwithoutthegeniusandtheleadershipofatalentedarchitect.Inanyevent,thebestofbothisneededtoformulateatrulyextraordinarydesignofahigh-risebuilding.

Whilecomprehensivediscussionsofthesesevensystemsaregenerallyavailableintheliterature,furtherdiscussioniswarrantedhere.Theessenceofthedesignprocessisdistributedthroughoutthediscussion.

2.Moment-ResistingFrames

Perhapsthemostcommonlyusedsysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings,themoment-resistingframe,ischaracterizedbylinearhorizontalandverticalmembersconnectedessentiallyrigidlyattheirjoints.Suchframesareusedasastand-alonesystemorincombinationwithothersystemssoastoprovidetheneededresistancetohorizontalloads.Inthetallerofhigh-risebuildings,thesystemislikelytobefoundinappropriateforastand-alonesystem,thisbecauseofthedifficultyinmobilizingsufficientstiffnessunderlateralforces.

AnalysiscanbeaccomplishedbySTRESS,STRUDL,orahostofotherappropriatecomputerprograms;

analysisbytheso-calledportalmethodofthecantilevermethodhasnoplaceintoday’stechnology.

Becauseoftheintrinsicflexibilityofthecolumn/girderintersection,andbecausepreliminarydesignsshouldaimtohighlightweaknessesofsystems,itisnotunusualtousecenter-to-centerdimensionsfortheframeinthepreliminaryanalysis.Ofcourse,inthelatterphasesofdesign,arealisticappraisalin-jointdeformationisessential.

3.BracedFrames

Thebracedframe,intrinsicallystifferthanthemoment–resistingframe,findsalsogreaterapplicationtohigher-risebuildings.Thesystemischaracterizedbylinearhorizontal,vertical,anddiagonalmembers,connectedsimplyorrigidlyattheirjoints.Itisusedcommonlyinconjunctionwithothersystemsfortallerbuildingsandasastand-alonesysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings.

Whiletheuseofstructuralsteelinbracedframesiscommon,concreteframesaremorelikelytobeofthelarger-scalevariety.

Ofspecialinterestinareasofhighseismicityistheuseoftheeccentricbracedframe.

Again,analysiscanbebySTRESS,STRUDL,oranyoneofaseriesoftwo–orthreedimensionalanalysiscomputerprograms.Andagain,center-to-centerdimensionsareusedcommonlyinthepreliminaryanalysis.

4.Shearwalls

Theshearwallisyetanotherstepforwardalongaprogressionofever-stifferstructuralsystems.Thesystemischaracterizedbyrelativelythin,generally（butnotalways）concreteelementsthatprovidebothstructuralstrengthandseparationbetweenbuildingfunctions.

Inhigh-risebuildings,shearwallsystemstendtohavearelativelyhighaspectratio,thatis,theirheighttendstobelargecomparedtotheirwidth.Lackingtensioninthefoundationsystem,anystructuralelementislimitedinitsabilitytoresistoverturningmomentbythewidthofthesystemandbythegravityloadsupportedbytheelement.Limitedtoanarrowoverturning,Oneobvioususeofthesystem,whichdoeshavetheneededwidth,isintheexteriorwallsofbuilding,wheretherequirementforwindowsiskeptsmall.

Structuralsteelshearwalls,generallystiffenedagainstbucklingbyaconcreteoverlay,havefoundapplicationwhereshearloadsarehigh.Thesystem,intrinsicallymoreeconomicalthansteelbracing,isparticularlyeffectiveincarryingshearloadsdownthroughthetallerfloorsintheareasimmediatelyabovegrade.Thesystemhasthefurtheradvantageofhavinghighductilityafeatureofparticularimportanceinareasofhighseismicity.

Theanalysisofshearwallsystemsismadecomplexbecauseoftheinevitablepresenceoflargeopeningsthroughthesewalls.Preliminaryanalysiscanbebytruss-analogy,bythefiniteelementmethod,orbymakinguseofaproprietarycomputerprogramdesignedtoconsidertheinteraction,orcoupling,ofshearwalls.

5.FramedorBracedTubes

TheconceptoftheframedorbracedorbracedtubeeruptedintothetechnologywiththeIBMBuildinginPittsburgh,butwasfollowedimmediatelywiththetwin110-storytowersoftheWorldTradeCenter,NewYorkandanumberofotherbuildings.Thesystemischaracterizedbythree–dimensionalframes,bracedframes,orshearwalls,formingaclosedsurfacemoreorlesscylindricalinnature,butofnearlyanyplanconfiguration.Becausethosecolumnsthatresistlateralforcesareplacedasfaraspossiblefromthecancroidsofthesystem,theoverallmomentofinertiaisincreasedandstiffnessisveryhigh.

Theanalysisoftubularstructuresisdoneusingthree-dimensionalconcepts,orbytwo-dimensionalanalogy,wherepossible,whichevermethodisused,itmustbecapableofaccountingfortheeffectsofshearlag.

Thepresenceofshearlag,detectedfirstinaircraftstructures,isaseriouslimitationinthestiffnessofframedtubes.Theconcepthaslimitedrecentapplicationsofframedtubestotheshearof60stories.Designershavedevelopedvarioustechniquesforreducingtheeffectsofshearlag,mostnoticeablytheuseofbelttrusses.Thissystemfindsapplicationinbuildingsperhaps40storiesandhigher.However,exceptforpossibleaestheticconsiderations,belttrussesinterferewithnearlyeverybuildingfunctionassociatedwiththeoutsidewall;

thetrussesareplacedoftenatmechanicalfloors,mushtothedisapprovalofthedesignersofthemechanicalsystems.Nevertheless,asacost-effectivestructuralsystem,thebelttrussworkswellandwilllikelyfindcontinuedapprovalfromdesigners.Numerousstudieshavesoughttooptimizethelocationofthesetrusses,withtheoptimumlocationverydependentonthenumberoftrussesprovided.Experiencewouldindicate,however,thatthelocationofthesetrussesisprovidedbytheoptimizationofmechanicalsystemsandbyaestheticconsiderations,astheeconomicsofthestructuralsystemisnothighlysensitivetobelttrusslocation.

6.Tube-in-TubeStructures

Thetubularframingsystemmobilizeseverycolumnintheexteriorwallinresistingover-turningandshearingforces.Theterm‘tube-in-tube’islargelyself-explanatoryinthatasecondringofcolumns,theringsurroundingthecentralservicecoreofthebuilding,isusedasaninnerframedorbracedtube.Thepurposeofthesecondtubeistoincreaseresistancetooverturningandtoincreaselateralstiffness.Thetubesneednotbeofthesamecharacter;

thatis,onetubecouldbeframed,whiletheothercouldbebraced.

Inconsideringthissystem,isimportanttounderstandclearlythedifferencebetweentheshearandtheflexuralcomponentsofdeflection,thetermsbeingtakenfrombeamanalogy.Inaframedtube,theshearcomponentofdeflectionisassociatedwiththebendingdeformationofcolumnsandgirders（i.e,thewebsoftheframedtube）whiletheflexuralcomponentisassociatedwiththeaxialshorteningandlengtheningofcolumns（i.e,theflangesoftheframedtube）.Inabracedtube,theshearcomponentofdeflectionisassociatedwiththeaxialdeformationofdiagonalswhiletheflexuralcomponentofdeflectionisassociatedwiththeaxialshorteningandlengtheningofcolumns.

Followingbeamanalogy,ifplanesurfacesremainplane（i.e,thefloorslabs）,thenaxialstressesinthecolumnsoftheoutertube,beingfartherformtheneutralaxis,willbesubstantiallylargerthantheaxialstressesintheinnertube.However,inthetube-in-tubedesign,whenoptimized,theaxialstressesintheinnerringofcolumnsmaybeashigh,ore