英语演讲选修课教案11informWord文档格式.docx
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2.Speechesaboutprocesses
chronologicalorder
3.Speechesaboutevents
chronologicalorder
causalorder
4.#Speechesaboutconcepts
topicalorder
5.*Guidelinesforinformativespeaking
教学目的要求:
Getstudentsfamiliarizewithtypesofinformativespeechesandtipsforthesekindsofspeeches.
教学方法和教学手段:
讲授;
ppt
讨论、思考题、作业:
Whatarethefourtypesofinformativespeechesdiscussedinthischapter?
Whatarethethreemethodsyoucanusetoavoidabstractionsinyourinformativespeech?
Presentation3:
Informativespeechpresentation
参考资料:
Theartofpublicspeaking
Beagreatspeechmaker
注:
教案附后
Lesson10InformativeSpeechII
Informativespeech:
aspeechdesignedtoconveyknowledgeandunderstanding.
Whenyourgeneralpurposeistoinform,youactasateacherorlecturer.Yourgoalistoconveyinformation---anddoitclearly,accuratelyandinterestingly,youraimistoenhancetheknowledgeandunderstandingofyourlisteners---togivetheminformationtheydidnothavebefore.
Theinformativespeechesoccurinawiderangeofeverydaysituations.
Typesofinformativespeeches
5.Speechesaboutobjects
6.Speechesaboutprocesses
7.Speechesaboutevents
8.Speechesaboutconcepts
Object:
anythingthatisvisible,tangible,andstableinform.
Objectsmayhavehavingpartsortobealive,theymayincludeplaces,structures,animals,orevenpeople.
Youwillnothavetimetocovereverythingaboutanobject,justfocusononeaspect
Whenyouorganizethespeechyoumaychooseoneofthethreeorganizationalmethods:
chronological;
spatialandtopical.
Ifyourspecificpurposeistoexplainthehistoryorevolutionofyoursubject,youcanputyourspeechinchronologicalorder(Amethodofspeechorganizationinwhichthemainpointsfollowatimepattern).Forinstance:
Specificpurpose:
ToinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorachievementsofFrederickDouglass
Centralidea:
Althoughborninslavery,FrederickDouglassbecameoneofthegreatestfiguresinAmericanhistory.
Mainpoints:
I.Douglassspentthefirst20yearsofhislifeasaslaveinMaryland.
II.AfterescapingtotheNorth,Douglassbecamealeaderintheabolitionistmovementtoendslavery
III.DuringtheCivilWar,DouglasshelpedestablishblackregimentsintheUnionArmy.
IV.Afterthewar,Douglasswasatirelesschampionofequalrightsforhisrace.
Ifyourspecificpurposeistodescribethemainfeaturesofyoursubject,youmayorganizeyourspeechinspatialorder(Amethodofspeechorganizationinwhichthemainpointsfollowadirectionalpattern).
ToinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorlandregionsinSpain
TherearefivemajorlandregionsinSpain.
I.TheNorthernpart…
II.Thewestern…
III.Thecentral…
IV.Theeastern…
V.TheSouthernpart…
Someofthespeechesaboutobjectsfallintotopicalorder(Amethodofspeechorganizationinwhichthemainpointsdividethetopicintologicalandconsistentsubtopics).Hereisanexample:
Toinformmyaudienceaboutthemajoralternative-fuelcarsnowbeingdeveloped.
Themajoralternative-fuelcarsnowbeingdevelopedarepoweredbyelectricity,naturalgas,methanol,orhydrogen.
I.onekindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbyelectricity.
II.Asecondkindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbynaturalgas.
III.Athirdkindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbymethanol.
IV.Afourthkindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbyhydrogen.
Othermethodsofspeechorganization:
Causalorder:
Amethodofspeechorganizationinwhichthemainpointsshowacause-effectrelationship.
Problem-solutionorder:
Amethodofspeechorganizationinwhichthefirstmainpointdealswiththeexistenceofaproblemandthesecondmainpointpresentsasolutiontotheproblem.
2.Speechesaboutprocess
Process:
Asystematicseriesofactionsthatleadstoaspecificresultorproduct.
Speechesofprocessexplainhowsomethingismade,howsomethingisdone,orhowsomethingworks.
Wheninformingaboutaprocess,wewillusuallyarrangeourspeechinchronologicalorder,explainingtheprocessstepbystepfrombeginningtoend.Forexample:
ToinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorstepsintheclassicJapaneseteaceremony.
TherearefivemajorstepsintheclassicJapaneseteaceremony.
I.First,theguestsapproachtheteahouse,takingtimesonthewaytopurifytheirhands.
II.Second,theguestsentertheteahouse,admirethehangingscrollandthevasewithaflowerarrangement,andseatthemselves.
III.Third,theteamasterpreparesabowlofteaforeachguest,followingtheprescribedritual.
IV.Fourth,eachguestinturntakesexactlythreeandahalfsipsoftea.
V.Fifth,theguestsadmiretheteaimplements,admiretheinterioroftheteahouse,anddepart.
Sometimes,youwillfocusonthemajorprinciplesortechniquesinvolvedinperformingtheprocess.Thenyouwillorganizeyourspeechintopicalorder.Eachmainpointwilldealwithaseparateprincipleortechnique.Forexample:
Toinformmyaudienceaboutthecommonmethodsusedbystagemagicianstoperformtheirtricks.
Stagemagiciansusetwocommonmethodstoperformtheirtricks---mechanicaldevicesandsleightofhand.
I.Manymagictricksrelyonmechanicaldevicesthatmayrequirelittleskillbythemagician.
II.Othermagictricksdependonthemagician’sskillinfoolingpeoplebysleight-of-handmanipulation.
Event:
Anythingthathappensorisregardedashappening.
Therearemanywaystodiscussevent.Ifyourspecificpurposeistorecountthehistoryofanevent,youwillorganizeyourspeechinchronologicalorder,relatingtheincidentsoneafteranotherintheordertheyoccurred.Forexample:
Toinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofthedisabilityrightsmovement.
Thedisabilityrightsmovementhasmademajorstridesduringthepast40years.
I.ThedisabilityrightsmovementbeganinBerkeley,California,duringthemid-1960s..
II.Themovementhasachieveditsfirstmajorvictoryin1973withpassageofthefederalRehabilitationAct.
III.Themovementreachedanothermilestonein1990whenCongressapprovedtheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct.
IV.Todaythemovementisspreadingtocountriesbeyondthe.
Ifyouwanttoexplainthecausesandeffects,youmayorganizethespeechincausalorder.Let’ssayyourspecificpurposeis“Toinformmyaudiencewhysomanyliveswerelostwhenthe‘unsinkable’oceanlinerTitanicsank.”Workingfromcausetoeffect,youroutlinemightlooklikethis:
Toinformmyaudiencewhysomanyliveswerelostwhenthe‘unsinkable’oceanlinerTitanicsank
InabilitytoremovethepassengersandcrewfromthedoomedTitaniccausedthedeathofmorethantwo-thirdsofthoseonboard.
I.Thereweretwomajorcausesforthegreatlossoflifewhentheshipwentdown.
A.TheTitaniccarriedinsufficientlifeboatsforthenumberofpeopleonboard.
B.OntheshipCalifornia,whichwasnearby,theradiooperatorhadshutdowntheradioandgonetosleep.
II.Theeffectsofthesetwosituationsweredisastrous.
A.Whenallusablelifeboatshadbeenfilled,morethan1,500peopleremainedonboardtheTitanic.
B.TheCalifornia,unawareofthedistresssignal,steamedonwhichtheTitanicwenttothebottom.
Thereareotherwaystodealwithaneventbesidestellingwhathappenedandwhyithappened.Youcanapproachaneventfromalmostanyangleorcombinationofangles---features,origins,implications,benefits,futuredevelopments,andsoforth.Insuchcases,youwillputyourspeechtogetherintopicalorder.
4.Speechaboutconcepts
Concept:
Abelief,theory,idea,notion,principle,orthelike.
Speechesaboutconceptsareusuallyorganizedintopicalorder.Onecommonapproachistolistthemainfeaturesoraspectsofyourconcept.Forexample:
Specificpurpose:
ToinformmyaudienceaboutthebasicprinciplesofAfrocentrism.
ThebasicprinciplesofAfrocentrismhaveatheoreticalandapracticaldimension.
I.ThetheoreticaldimensionofAfrocentrismlooksathistoricalandsocialeventsfromanAfricanratherthanaEuropeanperspective.
II.ThepracticaldimensionofAfrocentrismcallsforreformingtheschoolcurriculumtofittheneedsandculturalexperiencesofAfrican-Americanchildren.
Amorecomplexapproachistodefinetheconceptyouaredealingwith,identifyitsmajorelements,andillustrateitwithspecificexamples.Foeinstance:
ToinformmyaudienceaboutthebasicprinciplesofIslam.
ThebeliefsofIslamcanbetracedtotheprophetMuhammad,arewrittenintheKoran,andhaveproducedanumberofsects.
I.IslamwasfoundedbytheprophetMuhammadintheearly600s.
II.TheteachingofIslamarewrittenintheKoran,theholybookofIslam.
III.TodayIslamisdividedintoanumberofsects,thelargestofwhicharetheSunnisandtheShiites.
Asyoucanseefromtheexamples,speechesaboutconceptsareoftenmorecomplexthan
otherkindsofinformativespeeches.Conceptsareabstractandcanbeveryhardtoexplain.
Whenexplainingconcepts,paycloseattentiontoavoidingteachingtechnicallanguage,
youshoulddefinetermsclearly,anduseexamplesandcom