写作篇Chapter Two Means of Paragragh DevelopmentWord格式.docx
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1.PretestReadthetwogroupsofsentencesbelow.Thenrearrangetheminlogicalorder.Usethetransitionwordsandphrasesandothercluestohelpyou.Finally,rewritethesentencesasaparagraph.Group1:
F,G,B,A,D,C,EGroup2:
D,E,A,C,F,B
2.LogicalDevelopmentsSomecommonkindsoflogicalorderinEnglisharechronologicalorder–developmentbytimeorprocess;
analysis--logicaldivisionofideas;
comparisonorcontrast;
causeandeffect,etc.Eachkindoforderhasitsownspecialwordsandphrasestoshowtherelationshipsamongtheideas.Forexample,
chronologicalorderfirst,next,afterthat,finally,beforethelastwar,after1990,sincethen,in2010,whileworkingontheproject,etc.showingdifferenceorcontrastthemostnoticeabledifference,largerthan,unlike,ontheotherhand,incontrast,differfrom,etc.showingsimilaritiesorcomparisonsimilarity,similarly,asexpensiveas,justas,justlike,comparewith,incomparison,etc.analysisIdeasareputintogroups,andeachgroupisdiscussedoneaftertheother.first,second,third,etc.
EXERCISESReadthefollowingparagraphsanddecidewhichkindoflogicalorderisusedineachone.Givethereasonsforyourchoice.Circlealltransitionsignals.Paragraph1Kindsoflogicalorder:
ContrastTransitionalsignals:
forexample,Furthermore,ontheotherhand,and,incontrast,but,Inaddition,whereas,howeverParagraph2Kindsoflogicalorder:
ChronologicalorderTransitionalsignals:
andso,Thenin46B.C.E.,and,notonly…butalso…,but,soin1582,but
II.DevelopmentbyExamplesExamplesandextendedexamples,whichareanecdotesorshortstories,areperhapstheeasiestkingofsupportingdetailstouse.Youdon’thavetosearchinthelibraryforinformation;
youcanoftentakeexamplesfromyourownknowledgeandpersonalexperiences.Furthermore,examplesareusuallyinterestingandmakeyourwritingenjoyabletoread.Finally,sinceitiseasytorememberastrikingexampleoragoodstory,yourreaderismorelikelytorememberyourpoint.1.PretestReadtheparagraphonpage32andpage33andanswerthequestions.
II.DevelopmentbyExamples2.ExamplesTherearetwocautionsyoushouldkeepinmind:
First,usepersonalexamplessparinglyinformalacademicwritingbecausetheyareconsideredweaksupport.Second,besurethatyourexamplesreallyproveyourpoint.Studythefollowingmodeltoseehowexamplesandextendedexamplescanbeusedtosupportatopicsentence.Knowledgeoftenresultsonlyafterpersistentinvestigation.AlbertEinstein,afteralengthyexaminationofthecharacteristicsofmatterandenergy,formulatedhisfamousTheoryofRelativity,which
II.DevelopmentbyExamplesnowactsasabasisforfurtherresearchinnuclearphysics.Usingplastercastsoffootprints,fingerprints,andstraystrandsofhair,adetectivepertinaciouslypursuesthecriminal.AfteryearsofworkAnnieJumpCannonperfectedtheclassificationofthespectraofsome350,000stars.Investigationsintothecausesofpoliohaveprovideduswiththemeansforpreventionandcureofthisdreadeddiseaseonlyaftermanyyearsofresearch.Asstudents,wetooaredeterminedinourinvestigationtofind,retain,andcontributetothestoreofhumanknowledge.
II.DevelopmentbyExamples3.ExtendedExamplesSometimes,itisnotenoughtosupportyourpointsimplywithgeneralexamples.Amorevividandconcreteillustrationusedasanextendedexamplemaylightupanabstractideaandmakeitclear,interesting,memorableandconvincing.Studythefollowingmodeltoseehowextendedexamplescanbeusedtosupportatopicsentence.
II.DevelopmentbyExamplesNonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcommunication,or“bodylanguage”,iscommunicationbyfacialexpression,headoreyemovements,handsignals,andbodypostures.Itcanbejustasimportanttounderstandingaswordsare.Misunderstandings—oftenamusingbutsometimesserious—canarisebetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturesiftheymisinterpretnonverbalsignals.Take,forexample,thedifferenceinmeaningsofagestureverycommonintheUnitedStates.Acirclemadewiththumbandindexfinger.ToanAmerican,itmansthateverythingisOK.
II.DevelopmentbyExamplesToaJapanese,itmeansthatyouaretalkingaboutmoney.InFrance,itmeansthatsomethingisworthless,andinGreece,itisanobscenegesture.Therefore,anAmericancouldunknowinglyoffendedaGreekbyusingthatparticularhandsignals.
II.DevelopmentbyExamplesThatfollowingincidentillustrateshowconflictingnonverbalsignalcancauseseriousmisunderstandings.WhilelecturingtohispoetryclassatAinShamsUniversityinCairo,aBritishprofessorbecamesorelaxedthatheleanedbackinhischairandrevealhisbottomofhisfoottotheastonishedclass.MakingsuchagestureinMuslimsocietyistheworstkindofinsult.Thenextday,theCaironewspaperscarriedheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstrationthatresulted,andtheydenouncedBritisharroganceanddemandedthattheprofessorbesenthome.
4.TransitionalSignalsforExamplesIndevelopingaparagraphbyexamples,becarefultointroduceexampleswithappropriatetransitionalsignals.Thefollowinggivecommonlyusedtransitionsandtheirexamples.SentenceConnectorsforexampleforinstanceOthersThefollowingexample(story/incident)illustrates(shows/demonstrates)...suchasasinthecaseofagoodcaseinpointII.DevelopmentbyExamples
III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder1.PretestReadthesentencesbelow.Thenrearrangetheminlogicalorder.Usethetransitionalwordsandphrasesandothercluestohelpyou.Finally,rewritethesentencesasaparagraphandtellonwhatprincipleyouarrangethesentences.C,A,F,B,E,D,G
III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder2.ChronologicalOrderChronologicalorderisoneoftheeasiestmethodsoforganizationtomaster.ChronosisaGreekwordmeaningtime.Chronologicalorder,therefore,isawayoforganizingtheideasinparagraphintheorderoftheiroccurrenceintime.Chronologicalorderisusedforsomethingassimpleasarecipeandforsomethingascomplexasahistorybook.Inacademicwriting,chronologicalorderhasmanyuses.Oneofprimarywaysyoumightuseitistowriteahistoricalnarrativeaboutthesubjectoftermpaper.
III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder?
Therearetwokeystowritingagoodchronologicalparagraph:
?
1.Discusstheeventsintheorderinwhichtheyoccur.?
2.Usechronologicaltransitionsignalstoindicatethesequenceofevents.Analyzethefollowingmodelparagraphforitsorganizationbytime.Underlineanywordsorexpressionsthatindicatedtimeorder
III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrderTheEvolutionofComputersIntherelativelyshortspanofsixtyyears,therehasbeenanincredibleevolutioninthesizeandcapabilitiesofcomputers.Today,computerchipssmallerthanthetipofyourfingernailhavethesamecapabilitiesastheroom-sizedmachinesofyearsago.Thefirstcomputersweredevelopedaround1945.Theyweresolargethattheyrequiredspecialairconditionedrooms.About20yearslater,inthe1960s,desk-sizedcomputersweredeveloped.Thisrepresentedagiganticadvance.Beforetheendofthatsamedecade,however,athirdgenerationofcomputers,whichusedsimpleintegratedcircuitsandwhichwere
III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrderevensmallerandfaster,hadappeared.In1971,thefirstmicro-processor,lessthanonesquarecentimeterinsize,wasdeveloped.Today,modernmicroprocessorscontainasmanyas10milliontransistors,andthenumberoftransistorsandthecomputationalspeedofmicroprocessorsdoubleseveryeighteenmonths.
III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder3.TopicSentencesforchronologicalOrderThetopicsentenceofachronologicalparagraphinsomewayindicatesthetimeorder.Inthemodel,phrasessuchas:
intherelativelyshortspanofsixtyyearsandevolutiongivethereaderahintthatthisisachronologicalparagraph.
III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder4.TransitionSignalsforChronologicalOrderTransitionsignalsareespeciallyimportantinachronologicalparagraph.Youhavetobeveryclearaboutthesequenceofevents:
Didoneeventhappenbefore,atthesametimeas,orafteranotherevent?
first,?
second,?
next,?
nowTransitionWordsandPhrasesfirstofall,afterthat,finally,lastsoongraduallymeanwhile?
after?
as?
assoonas?
beforeSubordinatorssinceuntilwhenwhile
III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrderOthers?
Inthemorning?
Lastweek?
onthethirdday…?
duringthenight…Keepinmindthatanytimeexpressioncanserveasachronologicaltransitionsignal.
III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrderEXERCISES1.Putacheckinthespacetotheleftofeverytopicsentencesuggestingthataparagraphwillbedevelopedbytimeandunderlinethewordorwordsthatindicatechronologicalorder.
(1)Aperson’sintelligenceistheproductofbothheredityandenviron