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利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》withJohnAdams,BenjaminFranklin,RogerShermanandRobertRLivingston,hedraftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.
3．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，asthefirstAmericansecretaryofstate.1800起担任两届美国总统。
4．教材作品：
《独立宣言》（1776年7月4日）：
“TheDeclarationofIndependence”。
三、ThomasPaine托马斯·
佩因（1737-1809）*
1．1776-1783《美国危机》“AmericanCrisis”signed“CommonSense”wasaseriesofsixteenpamphlets.
2．战争结束后perfectingthemodelofanironbridgewithoutpiers。
（1791-1792）《人权》“RightsofMan”。
3．《理性的时代》“TheAgeofReason”1794-1795,他最后一部作品1797《土地公平》“AgrarianJustice”.
《美国危机》：
“TheAmericanCrisis”.
四、PhilipFreneau菲利浦·
弗瑞诺（1752-1832）*
1．革命战争后期最杰出作家perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthePost-Revolutionaryperiod“美国革命诗人”（thepoetoftheRevolution）;
“美国诗歌之父”（FatherofAmericanPoetry）.
2．1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（ThePowerofFancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可asasatiristoftheBritish.
3．1776年出版《夜屋》（TheHouseofNight）哥特式小说theGothicmood.
4．1781写下名诗《英国囚船》（TheBritishPrisonShip）
5．教材作品：
《野忍冬花》：
“TheWildHoneySuckle”
《印第安人的坟地》：
“TheIndianBuryingGround”
《致凯提·
迪德》：
“ToaCaty-Did”
PartⅢTheLiteratureofRomanticism浪漫主义文学（1810-1860）
1.浪漫主义共同点romanticssharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:
他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.
3．超验主义（1830s—theCivilWar）：
（1830-1850）既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分
Transcendentalism:
（1830-1850）Definedastherecognitioninmanofthecapacityofacquiringknowledgetranscendingthereachofthefivesenses,orofknowingtruthintuitively,orofreachingthedivinewithouttheneedofanintercessor.Ithadsomebasicprinciplesthatweregenerallysharedbyitsadherents.TheybelievedthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnatureandthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-relianceandrejectionoftraditionalauthority.
1.Stressthepowerofintuition,believingthatpeoplecouldlearnthingsbothfromtheoutsideworldbymeansofthefivesensesandfromtheinnerworldbyintuition.
2.Placespirit（oversoul）firstandmattersecond
3.TakenatureassymbolicofspiritorGod.Naturecouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanmind.Peopleshouldcomeclosetonatureforinstructions
4.Stresstheimportanceoftheindividual（theidealkindofindividualisself-reliantandunselfish（individuality）.
5.Exaltfeeling（subjectivity,imagination,heartthinking）overreason（rationalism,headthinking）,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.
代表：
RalphWaldoEmerson：
Nature,Self-reliance；
HenryDavidThoreau：
Walden
Asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.Theybelievedinthetranscendenceofthe“Oversoul”,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.
4．DarkRomanticism
19centuryAmerica（oftenconflatedwithGothicismorcalledAmericanRomanticism）isaliterary
subgenrecenteredonwriters
EdgarAllanPoe:
TheRaven（death,beauty）,
NathanielHawthorne:
Thescarletletter
and
HermanMelville:
MobyDick（dark,glooming,mysterious）.Asopposedtotheperfectionistbeliefsof
Transcendentalism,theDarkRomanticsemphasizedhumanfallibilityandpronenessto
sin
self-destruction,aswellasthedifficultiesinherentinattemptsat
socialreform.TheDarkRomanticsadaptedimagesofanthropomorphizedevilintheformofSatan,devils,ghosts,werewolves,vampires,andghouls,asmoretellingguidestoman'
sinherentnature.
5．AmericanRenaissance（1836-1855）:
AmericanRomanticismculminated达到顶峰aroundthe1840sinwhathascometobeknownas“NewEnglandTranscendentalism”or“AmericanRenaissance”
6．ThedifferencesofAmericanRomanticismandBritishRomanticism.
TheUKisoneoftheearliestcountriesofromanticliterature.TheBritishromanticismwritersdiscontentedinthedevelopmentofthecapitalisturbancivilization,andtheytendedtobecynicalandhavethetendencyofgoingbacktonatureandliveinseclusion.Inmid-to-late18thcenturypoetRobertburns（1759-1796）andWilliamBlake（1757-1827）wasapioneeroftheromanticliterature.AndtheAmericanromanticliteratureisinfluencedbywesternEuropeanromanticliterature.Intheearly19thcentury,（1810-1840）theAmericancapitalismdevelopedrapidly,whichcausedstrongnationalconsciousnessandpatrioticenthusiasmofAmericans.TheywantedtogetridofthebondageofBritishliteratureandAmericanromanticismattachesgreatimportancetothespiritofcreationandthepursuitoffreetranscendentalism.
Although
greatly
influenced
by
their
English
counterparts，
the
American
romantic
writers
revealed
unique
characteristics
of
own
in
works
they
grew
on
native
lands.
For
examp1e，
1.The
national
experience
"
pioneering
into
west"
proved
to
be
a
rich
source
material
for
draw
upon.
They
celebrated
America'
s
landscape
with
its
virgin
forests，
meadows，
groves，
endless
prairies，
streams，
vast
oceans.
The
wilderness
came
function
almost
as
dramatic
character
that
symbolized
moral
1aw.
2.The
desire
an
escape
from
society
return
nature
became
permanent
convention
literature.
Such
is
particularly
evident
Cooper’s
Leather
Stocking
Tales，
Thoreau'
Walden
and，
later，
Mark
Twain’s
Adventures
Huckleberry
Finn.
3.With
growth
consciousness，
types
speaking
local
dialects
appeared
poetry
fiction
increasing
frequency.
4.Then
Puritanism
cultural
heritage
exerted
great
influences
over
values
Romanticism.
One
manifestations
fact
tended
more
moralize
than
European
counterparts.
5.Besides，
preoccupation
Calvinistic
view
origina1
mystery
evil
marked
Hawthorne，
Melville
host
lesser
writers.
一、WashingtonIrving华盛顿·
欧文1783-1859
1.他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格wasthefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticismfamiliarstyle.
2.1819-1820他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his“SketchBook”appearedthefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliteraturetowritegoodhistoryandbiographyasliteraryentertainment.HeintroducedthefamiliaressaytoAmerica
3.1809年以迪德里奇·
尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“AHistoryofNewYork”byDiedrichKnickerbockerarollickingburlesqueofacurrentserioushistoryoftheearlyDutchsettlers,hasbecomeaclassicofhumor.
14．教材作品：
《作者自叙》：
“TheAuthor’sAccountofHimself”;
《睡谷传奇》：
“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”.
二、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·
阿伦·
坡1809-1849
1.1833年，在一次小说比赛中他的《金瓶子城的方德先生》获奖hewonacontestwithhisstory“Ms.FoundinaBottle”.
2.发表了《鄂榭府崩溃记》“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”.
3.1840年，第一部短篇小说集《述异集》hisfirstcollectionofshortstories“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque”.
4.教材作品：
《给海伦》：
“ToHelen”
《乌鸦》：
“TheRaven”
《安娜贝尔·
李》“AnnabelLee”
《鄂榭府崩溃记》“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”
三、RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·
沃尔多·
爱默生1803-1882
1．他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖hewasresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEnglandandwasrecognizedthroughouthislifeastheleaderofthemovement爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强hebelievedaboveallinindividualism,independenceofmindandself-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想headmiredcourage,hewasnotafraidofchangingorclashingideas.
2．TheStyleofEmerson’sEssays
Emerson’sessaysoftenhaveacasualstyle,formostofthemwerederivedfromhisjournalsorlectures.Theyareusuallycharacterizedbyaseriesofshort,declarativesentences,whicharenotquitelogicallyconnectedbutwillfloweroutintoillustrativestatementsoftruthandthoughts.Emerson’sphilosophicaldiscussionissometimesdifficulttounderstandbutheusescomparisonsandmetaphorstomakethegeneralideaofhisworkclearlyexpressed.Well-readintheclassicsofWesternEuropeanliterature,Emersonoftenemployedtheseliterarysourcestomakeandenrichhisownpointsbutneverletthemtakethefullreinsofhisdiscussion.Ingeneral,EmersonwasshowingtotheworldadistinctiveAmericanstyle.
3．1836年出版了第一本书《论自然》“Nature”,1847年他的《诗集》问世.Manyofhislectureswerelaterdistilledintohisfamous“Essays”.Amonghismos
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