HND商务通讯ICTWord文档下载推荐.docx

HND商务通讯ICTWord文档下载推荐.docx

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Thispictureshowsthatdifferentlevels（Strategic,Tactical,Operational）havemanydifferencesoncontent,responsbility,aimsaboutinformationandsoon.

Strategicmanagersisthemostseniormanagementoftheorganization.Thesemanagersareinvolvedintheformulationofstrategies,andtheTacticalmanageristhemiddlemanagers,whichareresponsibleforensuringthatthegoalsofstrategicmanagementareachieved.Operationalmanagersarethefirstlineofmanagementresponsiblefortheday-to-dayrunningofeachdepartment.

Strategicmanagersisthemostseniormanagementoftheorganization,theydeveloplong-termplanninganddevelopmentpoliciesandstrategies.Theyusetheirownjudgmenttomakeacomplexdecision,thewiderangeofinformation,externalinformationandmoreinternal,thislevelisalwaysdealingwithunstructuredissues.Intheoutside,theyaresubjecttopolicy,theinternationalsituation,theimpactofindustrycompetition,intheinternal,theyaresubjecttomarketresearchreports,theimpactofproductivity.

Tacticalmanagerisresponsibleforthemedium-termplanning,andsometimestheyareresponsibleforthebudgetcontrol,monitoring,developbusinesspolicies/objectives,accesstoresources,tosolvetheproblem,anddevelopnewmethods.Theyhavemoreinternal,lessexternal,theydecidedtoaffectsomepeople,butnotallofthecompanies.Theyshouldfollowthefactsandstatisticsofthestatisticsorhistoricalinformation,andrelyontheirownjudgment,thedecisionofthetacticalmanagementislikelytobeasemistructured.

OperationalManagerareresponsibleforsomebasicproblems,suchasregularactivities,monitoring,ensuringtheeffectiveuseofresources,staffinglevels,butalsotosolvestructuraloptimizationproblems.Operationalmanagersconsiderinternalfactors:

supplierandtraininginformation.Externalfactors:

attendance,vacation,equipment.

2.0InformationSystem

Strategic

ESS

ExecutiveSupportSystem（ESS）isareportingtoolwhichallowstoturnorganization‘sdataintousefulsummarizedreports.Thesereportsaregenerallyusedbyexecutivelevelmanagersforquickaccesstoreportscomingfromallcompanylevelsanddepartmentssuchasbilling,costaccounting,staffingscheduling,andmore.Itiseasytouse,anditrelyonmathematicalmodeling,Itprovideinformationinasummarizedformat.

ESSoftenhelpsthecompany'

sstrategicmanagementassessmentreporttotheDepartmentquickly.Itprovidesaflowofinformation.Ithelpsmanagerstoquicklymakeplansbyprovidinginformationaboutit.ESScentralizedordecentralizedbase,whichcanprovidealllevelsofvaluableinformationmanagementtothecompany.

Tactical

MIS

ManagementInformationSystem（MIS）providesinformationthatorganizationsrequiretomanagethemselvesefficientlyandeffectively.Itcollectsandpresentsmanagementinformationtoabusinessinordertofacilitateitscontrol.Managementinformationsysteminvolvefourprimaryresources:

EDPS,analysis,decisionmaking,anddatabase.

MIScanhelpleveltacticalplanning,organization,command,coordinationandcontrol.Itcanreducetheriskanduncertaintyofdecisionmaking.Managementinformationsystemscanhelpmakesomesalesdecisions,suchastargetedmarketsegmentationshouldbe,orsomeproductdecisions,inmostcases,adecisionisrequired,becauseitcanhelpmanagerstosolvespecificproblems.

Operational

TPS

Transactionprocessingisastyleofcomputingthatdividesworkintoindividual,indivisibleoperations,calledtransactions.ATransactionProcessingSystem（TPS）ortransactionserverisasoftwaresystem,orsoftware/hardwarecombination,thatsupportstransactionprocessing.Transactionprocessingsystemconsistofcomputerhardwareandsoftwarehostingatransaction-orientedapplicationthatperformstheroutinetransactionsnecessarytoconductbusiness.

TPScanhelpcompaniessolvebusinessdecisions.Itcanmeettheneedsofdailyinformation,suchassales,inventoryandpayment.CollecttheinformationfromTPS,andthecompanycanproducemoreprofitforthecompany'

sproducts.

3.0Theimplicationsofcurrentlegislationfordecisionmaking

TheDataProtectionAct

1998DataProtectionAct（DPA）istheactoftheUnitedKingdomParliamentontherightoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandtodefinetheidentityoftheUnitedKingdomoflawontheidentityofthelivingpersondataprocessing.InBritain,itisthemainregulationsfortheprotectionofpersonaldata.Althoughthebillitselfdoesnotmentiontheprivacy,itisthroughtheBritishlawintotheEUdataprotectiondirective1995,theDirectiverequiresMemberStatestoprotectthebasicrightsandfreedoms,inparticulartheirprivacy,personaldataprocessing.

ThebillwillbetheUnitedKingdom'

slawisdefinedastheidentificationofbiologicaldataprocessing.Governmentprocurementandpersonalorcorporateinformation,mustcomplywiththelawsandproceduresofdataprotection,andtominimizeduplicationofcollection.DataprotectionlawrequiresthatMemberStatestoprotectthebasicrightsandfreedomsofthepeople,inparticulartherighttoprivacyofpersonaldataprocessing.Inordertoensurethelegitimacyofthecollectedinformation,thepurposeandthescientificprocessofcollectinglegitimacyiscollected.

Example,CrownCateringServicescompanyshouldusethisbehavior.Itcanbetterprotecttheenterprisedataandinformation,reduceenterpriserisk.Forexample,theestablishmentofthecompanydatabase.Differentlevelsofstaffthroughdifferentinformationtoobtaindata,thusfacilitatingthedatacontentofthecorrectness,dataintegrityandaccuracy.

ComputerMisuseAct

TheComputerMisuseAct1990isanActoftheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom,TheActhasnonethelessbecomeamodelfromwhichseveralothercountries,includingCanadaandtheRepublicofIreland,havedrawninspirationwhensubsequentlydraftingtheirowninformationsecuritylaws.

TheActintroducedthreecriminaloffences:

Unauthorisedaccesstocomputeraccesswithintenttocommitorfacilitatecommissionoffurthermodificationofcomputermaterial.

Example,CrownCateringServicescompanyshouldusetheComputerMisuseAct.Companiesmusttakeadequatesecuritymeasurestopreventunauthorizedaccess.Forexample,thecompanycantrainthestaffofthemanagement,andsetapasswordforthecomputer.Itcanhelpcompaniestobetterprotectanddeveloptheirownsecurity.

4.0datacommunicationsystems

Alocalareanetwork（LAN）isacomputernetworkthatinterconnectscomputerswithinalimitedareasuchasahome,school,computerlaboratory,orofficebuilding,usingnetworkmedia.ThedefiningcharacteristicsofLANs,incontrasttowideareanetworks（WANs）,includetheirsmallergeographicarea,andnon-inclusionofleasedtelecommunicationlines.

Awideareanetwork（WAN）isanetworkthatcoversabroadarea.,anytelecommunicationsnetworkthatlinksacrossmetropolitan,regional,nationalorinternationalboundaries）usingleasedtelecommunicationlines.（BanWei,2002year）BusinessandgovernmententitiesutilizeWANstorelaydataamongemployees,clients,buyers,andsuppliersfromvariousgeographicallocations.Inessence,thismodeoftelecommunicationallowsabusinesstoeffectivelycarryoutitsdailyfunctionregardlessoflocation.TheInternetcanbeconsideredaWANaswell,andisusedbybusinesses,governments,organizations,andindividualsforalmostanypurposeimaginable.

TheInternetisaglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputernetworksthatusethestandardInternetprotocolsuite（TCP/IP）tolinkseveralbilliondevicesworldwide.Itisaninternationalnetworkofnetworksthatconsistsofmillionsofprivate,public,academic,business,andgovernmentpacketswitchednetworks,linkedbyabroadarrayofelectronic,wireless,andopticalnetworkingtechnologies.TheInternetcarriesanextensiverangeofinformationresourcesandservices,suchastheinter-linkedhypertextdocumentsandapplicationsoftheWorldWideWeb（WWW）,theinfrastructuretosupportemail,andpeer-to-peernetworksforfilesharingandtelephony.

Thelocalareanetworkisalimiteddistancewithinthenetworkusuallywithinageographiclocation.Wideareanetworkisalarge-scalenetwork,whichcanbecontrolledandsharedresources.Itisbiggerthanalocalareanetwork.Internetisglobal,themostextensive.Itcanobtainalargeamountofinformationresources,tounderstandthemarketdemandsurvey.Threedatacommunicationsystemhasitsownadvantages,soitshouldbecombinedwitheachother,thedevelopmentofenterpriseswillbebetter.

5.0Benefitsofdatacommunicationsystems

LocalAreaNetwork

Throughthesharingofsoftwareandhardware,localareanetworkcanreducethecost.Therefore,companiescanshareresources,suchasprinters,tosavecosts.Secondly,thelocalareanetworkprovidesanopportunitytocommunicatewithothers,whichmeansthatthemanagercancommunicatewiththelocalareanetworkmoreeasily.Third,localareanetworkallowscompaniestosetpermissions,sodifferentlevelsofmanagementcansharedifferentinformationandfiles.

WideAreaNetwork

WANismoreconvenient,whenacompanyneedsalongdistancecommunication.Wideareanetworktransmissionspeedisgood,thetransmissionoflargeamountsofdata.andtransmissionrangeiswider.Itcanhelpcompaniessolvetheproblemofremotecommunicationandmanagement.Inaddition,thewideareanetworkcansavetimeandmoney.

Internet

TheInternetprovidesawealthofinformationresourcesandservices.TheInternetcanhelpcompaniesadvertise,soastoe