英语语言学教程笔记.docx

英语语言学教程笔记.docx

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英语语言学教程笔记

胡壮麟《语言学教程》

学习指导

目录

目录……………………………………………………………………………………………3

第一部分各章节提纲笔记……………………………………………………………………4

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics……………………………………………………………4

Chapter2SpeechSounds………………………………………………………………………8

Chapter3Lexicon………………………………………………………………………………14

Chapter4Syntax………………………………………………………………………………21

Chapter5Meaning………………………………………………………………………………26

Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMind………………………………………………………29

Chapter7Language,CultureandSociety………………………………………………………35

Chapter8LanguageinUse………………………………………………………………………38

Chapter9LanguageandLiterature………………………………………………………………44

Chapter10LanguageandComputer……………………………………………………………49

Chapter11LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeaching………………………………………53

Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics………………………………………59

第二部分重点章节测试题……………………………………………………………………67

TestOneInvitationstoLinguistics………………………………………………………………67

TestTwoPhoneticsandPhonology……………………………………………………………70

TestThreeMorphology…………………………………………………………………………73

TestFourSyntax…………………………………………………………………………………76

TestFiveSemantics……………………………………………………………………………79

TestSixPragmatics………………………………………………………………………………82

TestSevenLanguage,CultureandSociety………………………………………………………85

TestEightTheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics………………………………………88

第三部分测试题参考答案……………………………………………………………………91

参考书目………………………………………………………………………………………100

第一部分各章节提纲笔记

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

1.1Whystudylanguage?

1.Languageisveryessentialtohumanbeings.

2.Inlanguagetherearemanythingsweshouldknow.

3.Forfurtherunderstanding,weneedtostudylanguagescientifically.

1.2Whatislanguage?

Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

1.3Designfeaturesoflanguage

Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

1.3.1Arbitrariness

Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.

1.3.2Duality

Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

1.3.3Creativity

Creativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.

1.3.4Displacement

Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofconversation.

1.4Originoflanguage

1.Thebow-wowtheory

Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.

2.Thepooh-poohtheory

Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichgraduallydevelopedintolanguage.

3.The“yo-he-ho”theory

Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.

1.5Functionsoflanguage

AsisproposedbyJacobson,languagehassixfunctions:

1.Referential:

toconveymessageandinformation;

2.Poetic:

toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;

3.Emotive:

toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions;

4.Conative:

topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;

5.Phatic:

toestablishcommunionwithothers;

6.Metalingual:

toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.

Halliday（1994）proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.Itmeansthatlanguagehasthreemetafunctions:

1.Ideationalfunction:

toconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer;

2.Interpersonalfunction:

embodyingalluseoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelationships;

3.Textualfunction:

referringtothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.

AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:

1.5.1Informative

Theinformativefunctionmeanslanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.

1.5.2Interpersonalfunction

Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.

1.5.3Performative

Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenaming