高中化学教材常考实验总结及命题方式解读Word下载.docx
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thewashing(6)thedistilledwaterintothevolumetricflask,whentheliquidlevelfromascaleline1-2cm,usegluedropperheaddropswithdistilledwatertotheirlowestlevelconcaveliquidlevelandscalelineatthesamelevel(7)shake:
coverthecork,upsidedownandshakebottlelabel(8):
indicatethenameofthedrug,concentrationonthelabel.
Instrument:
(bymeansoftheprocedure)
Traybalance,spoon,beaker,glassrod,100mLvolumetricbottle,glueheaddropper
Considerations:
(1)volumetricflask:
onlyonemeasuringline,andmarkedwithtemperatureandrangespecifications,canonlybeusedtoproducethevolumeofsolutiononthebottle.(theotherUSESoftemperatureandrangespecificationsareburette,measuringtube)
(2)commonvolumetricflask:
50mL,100mL,250mL,500mL,1000mL.If480mLand240mLofsolutionweremade,the500mLvolumetricand250mLvolumetricflaskshouldbeusedrespectively.Whenwritingtheinstrument,thecontainermustindicatethespecification,andthetraybalancecannotbewrittenasatraylibra!
(3)thebottlemustbecheckedbeforeitisused.Methods:
toaddasmallamountofwaterintothevolumetricflask,plugthecork,withyourindexfingertoresistthecork,withhisotherhandfingersholdthebottomofthebottle,thebottleupsidedowntocomeover,ifnotleak,withstand,spinthebottlestopperplugtightafter1800,upsidedownwithoutleakingagain,justcanuse.(thesplitfunnelandtheburetteshouldalsobecheckedbeforeuse.)
(4)thepropositionalAngle:
thequantityofsolidandliquidrequiredforthecalculation,themissingandthechoiceoftheinstrument,andtheanalysisoftheerroroftheexperiment.
Two,Fe(OH)3gelpreparation:
Step1:
addthesaturatedsolutionofFeCl3totheboilingwater,continuetoboiluntilthesolutionisreddishbrownandstopheating.
Operatethemainpoints:
foursteps:
firstboil,thenaddthesaturatedFeCl3solution,thenboiltoreddishbrown,andstopheating
Thechemicalequationinvolved:
Fe3++3H2OFe(OH)3(colloid)+3H+
Oneemphasisistouseequals,andthesecondistoindicatethecolloid,nottheprecipitate,andthethirdisheating.
Thesis:
thewritingoftheprocessandthecorrespondingionequation
Threeflamereaction:
Step:
wash-burn-dip-burn-burn
TheexperimentUSESplatinumorwire
Theflamecolorreactioncanbeeitherasinglesubstanceoracompound,aphysicalproperty
4,Na,theflameofK:
yellow,purple(throughbluecobaltglass)
5,asubstanceACTSasaflamecolor.Theremustbeayellowflame.TheremaybeK
PropositionalAngle:
experimentaloperationprocedureandtheflamecolorofNaandK
Four,Fe(OH)2preparation:
Experimentphenomenon:
whiteprecipitateimmediatelyconvertgraygreen,turntoreddishbrownprecipitate.
2,thechemicalequationisFe2++2OH-=Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4e(OH)3
3,considerations:
(1)madeofferroussaltsolutionusedmustbenew,NaOHsolutionmustboil,
(2)undertheburetteshouldbeinsertedintotheliquid,
(2)areoftenliquidsurfacewithalayerofoilfilm,suchasbenzeneorfoodoil(topreventtheoxidationoftheoxygen).
Propositions:
thephenomenaofpreparation,thewritingofequationsandthereasonsfortakingmeasures
Five,thepreparationofsilicicacid:
:
1,stepsinatesttubewith3to5mlNa2SiO3saturatedsolution,drip1-2dropsofphenolphthaleinsolution,reoccupychasegluedropperheaddropjoindilutehydrochloricacid,andwhileoscillation,solutiontobecomelighterincolorandclosetodisappearwhenthestop.
Phenomenon:
transparentsilicategelisformed
Chemicalequation:
NaSiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+2NaCl(weakacidinstrongacids)
TheNaSiO3solutionisbasedonSiO32-hydrolysis,whichmakesthephenolphthaleintestliquidred.
Vi.Thetestofimportantions:
1,Cl:
addtheAgNO3solution,andaddthedilutenitricacid,ifitproduceswhiteprecipitatethatdoesnotdissolveindiluteHNO3.Orthenitricacidsolution(excludingCO32-interference),andtheadditionofanAgNO3solution,suchasawhiteprecipitate,indicatesthepresenceofCl
2,so42-test:
addthehydrochloricacidfirst,ifthereisawhiteprecipitate,filterfirst,thenaddtheBaCl2solutioninthefiltrate,andthewhitedepositcanbeproved.Ifthereisnoprecipitation,thesolutionisputintothesolutionofBaCl2.
Angleofpropositional:
testingmethod,otherthanmiscellaneous,precipitationwashingandrelativepuritycalculation
Thelaboratorymethodofammoniagas
Howitworks:
2nnh4cl+Ca(OH)2CaCl2+2NH3
Collect:
airtothelowerair(apieceofcottontoavoidtheairconvection)
3,checkwith:
(1)putwetredlitmuspapertubemouth,ifthetestpaperturnedblue,thathasitsfullcollectionofammonia
(2)willdipinwiththeglassrodnearthetubemouthoftheconcentratedhydrochloricacid,appearalargenumberofwhitesmoke,theproofhasitsfullcollectionofammoniagas
Drymethod:
alkalilimeisdry(notwithoutwaterandcalciumchloride)
Devicediagram:
theunitofsolidandsolidheatinggasisthesameastheoxygensystem
Expansion:
ammoniaorconcentratedammoniacanbeusedtomakeammoniaeitherinlimeorcausticsoda
thestatusofammoniaastheonlyexperimentinthegasofhighschoolchemistryexperimentisimmeasurable.ThemainAngleis:
theprincipleofreaction,collection,dryingandexamination,andthebasisofthiskindofresearch.
Experimentwithfountains
Experimentprinciple:
ammoniaisveryeasytodissolveinwater,extrudingglueheaddropper,
Asmallamountofwatercandissolvealargeamountofammonia(1:
700),causingthepressuretodecreaserapidlyintheflask.
Theoutsideatmospherepushesthewaterinthebeakertotheflaskabove,
SoNH3,HCl,HBr,HI,SO2,etc
Gasescandissolveinwatertoformafountain.
Experimentalphenomenon:
theproductionofredfountains(ammoniadissolvedinwaterformalkalinesolution,phenolphthaleinisshownredinalkali)
Thekeytotheexperiment:
theammoniashouldbefulloftheflaskshouldbedry
Experiment:
CO2,H2S,Cl2andotherwatercan'
tformfountains,buttheycanformfountainswithNaOHsolution
Experimentsonthereactionofcopperandconcentratedsulfuricacid
Cu+2H2SO4
afterheating,themagentasolutioninthetesttubefades.
Orthepurplelitmustestinthetesttubeturnedred;
Pourthesolutionintoabeakerofwater.Thesolutionisblackandblue.
3,thereasonexplanation:
thesubstancethatisblackisformedbytheoxidationofconcentratedsulphuricacid,CuOandthedilutesulfuricacidreactionproducesCuSO4solution.
Becausethisreactionisquick,makeuseofcopperwire,convenienttopulloutintime,reducepollution.
ThepropertiesofSO2andtheexplorationoftheproducts,"
greenchemistry"
andthetreatmentofexhaustgas.
10,aluminumheatreaction:
1,experimentalsteps:
putasmallamountofdryironoxideandtherightamountofaluminiumpowderinpaperfunnelaftermixing,toppedwithasmallamountofpotassiumchlorateinthemixtureofsolidandintermediateinsertedamagnesiumribbonwithsandpaper,lit.
2,theexperimentalphenomenon:
intensereactionimmediately,shine,producealotofsmokepaperfunnelwasburned,haveredstateliquidbeads,fallintotheevaporatingdishinthesand,liquidintosolidblackbeadaftercooling.
Chemicalreactionequation:
Fe2O3+2Al2Fe+Al2O3
Precautions:
(1)itisdifficulttoignitetheoxidationfilmonthesurfaceofthemagnesiumstrip.
(2)thepaperfunnelinsidetheglassfunnelisthickerandmoistenedwithwaterincasethefunnelisdamaged
(3)asmallamountoffinesandisneededforasteamingdish:
oneistopreventtheevaporationoftheevaporatingdish,andtheotheristopreventthemoltenliquidfromsplattering.
(4)don'
tbetooclosetopeopletopreventinjuries.
experimentalprocedureandchemicalequation.
11,neutralizingtheheatexperiment(understanding):
1,theconcept:
theheatreleasedbytheacidandalkaliwhenthereactionproduces1moleofwater
Note:
(1)acidsandbasesaretheformulaforstrongacidsandstrongbases:
h+OH=H2OdeltaH=-57.3KJ/mol
(2)thevalueisfixed,itisthesameastheheatofcombustion,becauseithasadefinitemeaning,sothewordexpressionisnotpositiveornegative.
Themeasurementofneutralizingheat:
(1)toreducetheerror,youmustensurethatthehea