SubjunctiveWord文档格式.docx
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首先看高中课本出现的if引导的虚拟语气的句子。
1.表示与现在事实相反。
IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.(Infact,Ican’tbeyou)
be动词在虚拟语气中的过去式通常用were,如果是单数主语,口语中也可用was,但该句IfIwereyou中只能用were。
Ifhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.(Nowhehasnotime.)
2.表示与过去事实相反。
Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhavemethim.
(Infact,youdidn’tcomeyesterday.)
IfIhadseenhimlastweek,Iwouldhavetoldhimaboutit.
(Infact,Ididn’tseehimlastweek)
3.表示与将来事实相反。
Ifyoucame/shouldcome/weretocomeonSunday,wewouldhavethemeeting.(Youcan’tcomeonSunday)
Ifitweretorain/shouldrain/weretoraintomorrow,wewouldstayathome.(Thespeakerknowsitwon’traintomorrow)
a.---Ifhe_____,he_____thatfood.(93’)
---Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.
A.waswarned,wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned,wouldnothavetaken
C.wouldbewarned,hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned,hadnottaken
b.Ididn’tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe_____,shewouldhavemetmymybrother.(94’)
A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome
c.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe____inturn,you____sotired.(96’)
A.drove,didn’tgetB.drove,wouldn’tget
C.weredriving,wouldn’tgetD.haddriven,wouldn’thavegot
以上三题根据上下文的提示,考查与过去事实相反的谓语动词形式。
另外还要注意以下三种情况:
1.含蓄条件句。
不出现由if引导的条件从句,而是由介词短语或副词引导隐含条件,此时要根据上下文正确判断谓语动词形式。
Without(=Ifitwerenotfor)therain,thecropsshoulddie.
Butfor(Ifithadnotbeenfor)yourtimelyhelp,Iwouldnothavefinishedtheworkontime.
Iwasbusyyesterday,or/otherwise(=ifIhadnotbeenbusyyesterday),Iwouldhavecometohelpyou.
d.Withoutelectricityhumanlife_____quitedifferenttoday.(91’)
A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe
e.Withouttheairtoholdsomeofthesun’sheat,theearthatnight____,toocoldforustolive.(97’Shanghai)
A.wouldbefreezingcoldB.willbefreezingcoldly
C.wouldbefrozencoldD.canfreezecoldly
以上两题根据介词短语的提示,考查与现在事实相反的主句谓语动词形式。
2.if何时省略。
在书面语中,当条件从句有were,had,should时省略if,把它们提至句首。
WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.(=IfIwereinschoolagain,)
Hadyoubeenearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.(=Ifyouhadbeenearlier,)
Shouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,Iwouldcome.
(=Ifthereshouldbeameetingtomorrow,)
f._____itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangpuBridge.(94’Shanghai)
A.WereB.ShouldC.WouldD.Will
该题考查和将来事实相反的虚拟语气与if省略时的用法。
3.错综时间条件句:
条件从句与主句发生的时间不一致。
主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。
Ifhehadstartedyesterday,heshouldbeherenow.
从句和过去事实相反,主句和现在事实相反。
即主从句的动词形式分别遵循各自的形式即可。
g.Ifonlyhe_____quietlyasthedoctorinstructed,hewouldnotsuffersomuchnow.A.liesB.layC.hadlainD.shouldlie(2000’上海)
如果他能听医生的话躺在床上就好了,(与过去事实相反)
他现在也不至于这么受罪。
(与现在事实相反)
二.考查(should)+动词原形在名词性从句中的用法。
1.用于宾语从句中。
表示建议,要求,命令等含义的词如suggest,insist,advise,order,require,ask,demand,request,command,insist,desire,propose,decideetc.后接的宾语从句中。
Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.
Wesuggestedthatwehaveameeting.
但当suggest表示“暗示”,“表明”时,insist表示“坚持认为”时,后面从句要用陈述语气。
Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.(坚持认为)
Hersmileonherfacesuggestedthatshewasveryhappy.(暗示,表明)
2.用于表语或同位语从句中。
当名词advice,idea,order,plan,proposal,request,suggestionetc.后接表语或同位语从句时。
Mysuggestionisthathe(should)dotheexperimentagain.
Herideaisthathedoexercisefirst.
Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingforavisit.
3.用于主语从句中。
(1).含有上述的第一类动词suggest,insist,advise,requireetc.所构成的主语从句时。
Itissuggestedthatwe(should)haveameeting.
Itwasorderedthattheyfinishtheworkbyfiveo’clock.
(2).下列主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用(should)+动词原形结构,表示惊奇,不相信,惋惜,理应如此等。
Itisnecessary(important,natural,strangeetc.)thatwe(should)cleantheroomeveryday.
Itwasapity(ashame,nowonder)thatyou(should)besocareless.
但如果对从句的事实不表示惊奇可以用陈述语气。
Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.
It’sapitythatyoucan’tswim.
h.Jane’spalefacesuggestedthatshe____ill,andherparentssuggestedthatshe___amedicalexamination.(94’Shanghai)
a.be,shouldhaveb.was,havec.shouldbe,hadd.was,has
该题考查suggest两种不同的含义接不同语气的用法。
三.考查虚拟语气中时态的用法。
对从句中过去或过去完成时态的考查。
1.wish+宾语从句。
IwishIwereabird.
Iwishyouwouldcometomorrow.
HowIwishIhadtakenhisadvice.=IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.
2.asif引导的从句。
Helooksasifhewereanartist.
Itlooksasifitis/were(was)goingtorain.
如果天真的有可能下雨,可用陈述语气,要视具体情况。
HespeaksEnglishsowellasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland.(状语从句)
3.定语从句It’stimethat结构中。
Itis(high)timethatweleft/shouldleave.(后一种少用)
Itwastimethattheyhadstartedtheirwork.
4.wouldrather后接的从句。
与将来事实或与现在事实相反时,从句中的动词用一般过去时;
与过去事实相反时,用过去完成时。
I’dratheryouhadpostedtheletteryesterday.
I’dratheryoupaintedthewallnexttime.
I’dratheryoupaidmenow.
5.Ifonly引导的感叹句。
Ifonlyshehadknownwheretofindyou. (与过去事实相反)
IfonlyIweretwentyyearsyounger.(与现在事实相反)
6.用虚拟语气来提出请求、建议,语气比较委婉,表示说话人客气、有礼貌。
WouldyoumindifIsmokedhere?
=DoyoumindifIsmokehere?
四.对情态动词+havedone结构表虚拟语气的表达。
1.表示(温和)责备语气的虚拟语气。
(1)should(not)havedone=oughttohavedone=besupposedtohavedone本(不)应该……,表示不该做的事做了(该做的事却没做)
Theplantisdead.Ishouldhavegivenitmorewater.
(2)needn’thavedone“本来没有必要……”本来没有必要做的事却做了。
Therewasplentytime.Sheneedn’thavehurried.
(3)might/couldhavedone“本可以……”,事实上没做到。
Youmighthavetoldmeearlier.
Icouldhaveaskedforhelpthere.
i.ItoldSallyhowtogethere,butperhapsI_____forher.(94’)
A.hadtowriteitoutB.musthavewrittenitout
C.shouldhavewrittenitoutD.oughttowriteitout
根据上下文提供的语境考查“该做的事却没做”,含有后悔或自我责备之意。
2.口语中表示祝愿。
常与may连用,may也可省略。
(May)Godblessyou.
Mayyouhaveagoodtime.
LongliveChairmanMao.
虚拟语气在现代英语中,很多该用虚拟语气的地方常为陈述语气所取代。
高中英语课本SBILesson55中的suggest用法就是一范例,学习虚拟语气时不能生搬硬套。
Isuggestthatyoudon’taskhimforthevacation.
参考资料:
当代英语实用语法徐立吾湖南教育出版社
英语语法大全华东师范大学出版社
英语用法指南MichaelSwan外语教学与研究出版社
大学英语语法徐广联东南大学出版社
朗文英语语法L.G.亚历山大外语教学与研究出版社
新编英语语法教程章振邦上海外语教育出版社
实用英语语法张道真商务印书馆(1979)
EXERCISE:
1.Withoutelectricityhumanlife_____quitedifferenttoday.(91’)
a.isb.willbec.wouldhavebeend.wouldbe
2.---Ifhe_____,he_____thatfood.(93’)
---Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.
a.waswarned,wouldnottake
b.b.hadbeenwarned,wouldnothavetaken
c.wouldbewarned,hadnottaken
d.d.wouldhavebeenwarned,hadnottaken
3.ItoldSallyhowtogethere,butperhapsI_____forher.(94’)
a.hadtowriteitoutb.musthavewrittenitout
c.shouldhavewrittenitoutd.oughttowriteitout
4.Ididn’tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe_____,shewouldhavemetmymybrother.(94’)
a.hascomeb.didcomec.camed.hadcome
5.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit______.(95’)
a.breaksb.hasbrokenc.werebrokend.hadbeenbroken
6.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe____inturn,you____sotired.(96’)
a.drove,didn’tgetb.drove,wouldn’tget
c.weredriving,wouldn’tgetd.haddriven,wouldn’thavegot
7.Thetwostrangerstalkedasifthey______friendsforyears.(93’上海)
a.shouldbeb.wouldbec.havebeend.hadbeen
8._____itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangpuBridge.(94’)
a.Wereb.Shouldc.Wouldd.Will
9.Jane’spalefacesuggestedthatshe____ill,andherparentssuggestedthatshe___amedicalexamination.(94’)
10.Withouttheairtoholdsomeofthesun’sheat,theearthatnight____toocoldforustolive.(97’)
a.wouldbefreezingcoldb.willbefreezingcoldly
c.wouldbefrozencoldd.canfreezecoldly
11.Ifonlyhe_____quietlyasthedoctorinstructed,hewouldnotsuffersomuchnow.
a.liesb.layc.hadlaind.shouldlie(2000’上海)
12.ButfortheParty,he_____ofhunger30yearsago.
a.wouldhavediedb.musthavediedc.woulddied.died
13.Whatwouldyoudoifthewar____?
a.isbrokenoutb.willbreakoutc.weretobreakoutd.wouldbreakout
14.____wewouldstillbeleadingahardlife.
a.HadChinabeenliberatedb.HadChinanotbeenliberated
c.IfChinahadn’tliberatedd.HadnotChinabeenliberated
15.Hedidn’tcomeyesterday,oryou_______him.
a.wouldseeb.weretoseec.mighthaveseend.hadseen
16.He______thejobwell,buthe____socareless.
a.haddone,hadbeenb.coulddo,was
c.couldhavedone,wasd.hadn’tdone,hadbeen
17.Theyinsistedthatyou____themaquickanswer.
a.shouldgiveb.gavec.mustgived.wouldgive
18.Itisimportantthatthework_____wellintwodays.
a.willbedoneb.isdonec.bedoned.wouldbedone
19.Ifyou____italittlecarefully,youwouldn’thavemadesuchamistakeinthework.
a.didb.havedonec.woulddod.haddone
20.---DidyoureadanyofLuXun’sworksbefore?
---No,buthowIwishI______.
a.didb.hadc.haved.could
21.Howniceit_____ifI______suchachancetostudyhere.
a.shouldbe,hadhadb.wouldbe,hadhad
c.were,hadd.wouldbe,had
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