论文模版Word格式.docx

论文模版Word格式.docx

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AThesis

SubmittedinPartialFulfilmentoftheRequirementfortheB.A.DegreeinEnglishLanguageandLiterature

By

XiaJing-jing

Supervisor:

ZhouHong

AcademicTitle:

Professor

CollegeofForeignLanguages

JiaxingUniversity,ZhejiangProvince,P.R.C.

May18,2011

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摘　要

作为模糊语言家族的一个组成部分，模糊限制语是其中最普遍、最典型的、最具研究价值的语言现象。

研究表明，与男性相比，女性更倾向于高频率地使用模糊限制语，因此，模糊限制语已成为女性话语的一个重要特征。

本文首先以2009年，2010年奥斯卡奖项以及2010年MTV这三场国际性影视颁奖典礼上女性获奖感言为语料，着重分析获奖感言中女性使用模糊限制语的原因：

生理因素，心理因素，言语话题需要，工作性质，探究模糊限制语在女性话语中的语用功能，合理地使用模糊限制语可以使得会话更加精确，同时展示说话人的礼貌，保护自我，展示自我，使读者了解到模糊限制语在女性话语中发挥着不可忽视的意义。

关键词：

模糊限制语;

女性话语;

原因;

语用功能

Abstract

Asapartofthefuzzylanguage,hedgesarethemostcommon,typical,andofmostworthyresearchinginallofthelanguagephenomena.Itshowsthatfemale,comparedwithmale,tendtomakeuseofhedgesfrequently.Therefore,hedgeshavebecomeadistinguishingfeatureinthefemaleutterance.Basedonthefemales’speechonseveralawardpresentationceremoniesofinternationalfilmandtelevisioncircles,thisthesisemphaticallylooksintothefactorsofhedgesinthefemaleutterance,namelyphysiologicalfactor,psychologicalfactor,thefactorofutterancetopic,andthefactorofworkingenvironment,analyzesthepragmaticfunctionsofhedgesinthefemaleutterance.Theappropriateuseofhedgeinfemaleutteranceisabletoachievetherelativeprecisionofcommunication,showcourtesy,protectherselfandpresentherself,whichmakesreadersawareofthehedges’greaterinfluenceinthefemaleutterance.

KeyWords:

hedges;

femaleutterance;

factors;

pragmaticfunctions

Contents

1.Introduction……………………………………………………………………....1

2.Hedges…………………………………………………………………………….2

2.1TheDefinitionofHedges………………………………………………………2

2.2TheClassificationofHedges……………………………………………...........2

2.3TheStructureofHedges………………………………………………………...3

3.AnalysisofMaterial……………………………………………………………....4

4.TheFactorsforHedgesUsedFrequentlyinFemaleUtterance………………..5

4.1PhysiologicalFactor…………………………………………………………….6

4.2PsychologicalFactor………………………………………………………........6

4.3TheFactorofUtteranceTopic……………………………………………….…7

4.4TheFactorofWorkingEnvironment……………………………………………8

5.ThePragmaticFunctionsofHedges……………………………………………...9

5.1TheRelativePrecisionofCommunication……………………………………..9

5.2ShowingCourtesy……………………………………………………………..10

5.3Self-protection&

Self-presenting………………………………………..……11

6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...12

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………...13

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………14

1Introduction

L.A.Zadeh,acyberneticsexpertoftheUniversityofCaliforniaintheUnitedStatesin1965,publishedathesisFuzzySetsonthemagazineofInformationandControlinproposingthefamousfuzzytheory,whichwasofepoch-makingsignificanceofthescienceage.In1972,anAmericanlinguist,G.Lakoff,announcedathesisnamedHedges:

astudyinmeaningcriteriaandthelogicoffuzzyconcepts.ItisthefirsttimetobringaboutthetermHedgesanddefiniteit“wordswhosejobistomakethingsfuzzierorlessfuzzy”.In1975,Lakoffpointedoutthatsomelanguagecharactersappearmorefrequentlyinfemaleutterancethaninmale’s.Thenhecalledthislanguagephenomenonwomen’slanguageorfeatures.Infact,hedgesareoneofthedistinctcharactersamongthewomen’slanguageorfeatures.

ProfessorWuTiepinlaunchedapaperFirstExplorationofVagueLanguageontheforthissueForeignLanguage,markingthebeginningofvaguelanguageinChina.Sinceanumberoflanguagelinguistshaveengagedinthestudy,vaguelanguagehasbecomeanemergingandfrontierscience.Withthedevelopmentoffuzzylinguisticsathomeandabroad,hedgesarealsosteppingintoanewstagebothintheoryandinapplication.However,althoughmanyChineselinguistsdoalotworkofthehedgesappliances,hedgesinfemaleutterancecharactersareshortageofformationofin-depthandsystematicresearch.

Intheseyears,lotsoflinguisticsaretiedupwithfemalefromtheaspectofhedges.ShuiMiao（2008）analyzedthefunctionsofexactness,interpersonalrelationship,flexibilityandmisconceptionofgenderdifferencesonhedges,andalsodiscussedthereasonsofhedgesinfemaleutterance.Butshefailedtoconnectthepracticalmaterialswithhedges.ZhangXiaohui（2009）owesthischaractertowomen’lowsocietystatus,whichappearstobefarmorethantoexplainthisphenomenoncompletely.TakingtheexampleofPrideandPrejudice,WangPengandSunFeiran（2009）discussedthepragmaticfunctionsandreasonsofhedgesinfemaleutteranceandstatedthathedgeshaveinterpersonalcoordination,dissemblanceandprotectionaswellasrefinementandcourtesyfunctions.Itseemslackinginenoughevidenceforwomenfrequentuseofhedgeinpractice.Ifwewanttosearchintotheuseofhedgesinfemaleutterance,thebestmethodistocombinethetheorywithoralpractice.

2.Hedges

2.1Thedefinitionofhedges

Asforthedefinitionofhedges,differentlanguagelinguistshavedifferentexplanations.Theterm,hedges,wasfirstlydefinedas“wordswhosejobistomakethingsfuzzierorlessfuzzy”byLakoffin1972.ThenotionofhedgesisjustsomeuncertainconceptionorrestrictivephasesonthedisciplinepragmaticsanddiscourseanalysisinCristal’s（1997:

170）ModernLinguisticDictionary.Verschueren（1999:

193）heldtheviewthathedgeslimitedtheprepositionalcontentdirectly,namelyevaluatingprepositionattitudes,congnitionorproofattitudesinthedirectway,atthesametimeshowingmetapragmaticawareness.Weinreich（1996）calledhedgesmetapragmaticoperationlanguage,suchastrue,real.Yule（1996）defined“thecautiouscomprehendingexpressionofhowarethewordsunderstood”inhisbookPragmatics,like“asfarasIknow”,thiswordprovidingcertaininformationforus.

Personally,theauthorprefersthedefinitionofhedgesgivenbyLiQianjuinhisbookVagueSemanticsIntroduction:

hedgesareattachedtotheclearmeaningwordsorexpressions,whichcanchangeoriginal,certainconceptiontovagueness.Asamatteroffact,hedgesarenotonlywords,phases,butalsosomecompositestructureandminorsentence.Wecantotallycallthemhedges.

2.2Theclassificationofhedges

Accordingtodifferentstandards,thereareavarietyofclassificationsofhedgesthatlinguistsputforward.FourtypesappearsoriginallyinL.A.Zadehreseach:

someadjectivesandadverbs;

likesomesuffixes–ish,-likely,-ly,oncetheyareaddedtowords,thesewordsmaybecomehedges;

somewordsindicatespeakers’hesitationoruncertainty,actingasadverbialsofmanneroradverbialsofdegree;

whensomeoneexpressesoneself,he/shemakesuseofsentencestructureinordertoshowmorepolite.Kasper（1981）regardedhedgesasdowngrader:

facemarker,suchas“please”,“could”;

understater,like“alittle”;

subjectivizer,like“i’mafraid”;

downtoner,suchas“probably”,“maybe”;

cajoler,like“youknow”;

appealer,like“right”;

hesitationmarker,like“well”;

limiter,like“thisweekend”.

Inourcountry,accordingtoHeZiran’sresearch,hedgesconsistofapproximationsandshields.Fromtheboardsemanticcharacters,ChenLinhua（1994）divideshedgesintofivetypes:

degree,range,quality,quantityandmanner.SemantichedgesandpragmatichedgesunderthedegreeofhedgesdependingoncontextsmakeupofhedgesproposedbyGaoXiaofangandZhangQin.What’smore,ZhaoYinglinclassifieshedgesofscienceandtechnologylanguageintothreeparts:

accuracy-orientedhedges,author-orientedhedgesandreader-orientedhedgesinaccordancewithhedgesfunctionsandrestrictiverange.

However,sofarthemostinfluentialandwidelyrecognizedoneisproposedbyE.F.Princeandhiscolleagues,J.FraderandC.Boskfromthepointofpragmatics.

Adaptors

Approximators

Rounders

Hedges

Plausibilityshields

ShieldsAttributionshields

2.3Thestructureofhedges

Approximatorscanaltertheoriginalmeaningofdiscoursestructure,ormakesomechangesoftheoriginalwordstosomeextendbasedonthepracticalsituation,orgiveafluctuatingrangetotheoriginalwords.Adaptorsarethosethatcanrevealthetrueextentofdifferencesindiscourse,whileroundersarethosethatlimitfluctuatingrange.Onthecontrary,shieldsdon’tchangetheoriginalmeaningofdiscoursestructure.Itisjustadditionofanexplanationwhichmakesoriginalaffirmativetonetowardsrelaxation.Plausibilityarethosespeakerspluzzordoubtthetheme,whileshieldsshowsspeakers’uncertaintyofthetheme,butitborrowsthethirdperson’sopinioninordertoexpressoneselfindirectly.

Hedges

Approximators

Shields

Adaptors

Rounders

Plausibility

Attribution

Kindof

Sortof

Alittlebit

Really

Somewhat

Very

Quite

Almost

Just

Commonly

Inasense

Moreorless

Especially

Much

Slightly

Highly

Tosomeextent

About

Around

Roughly

approximately

Over

Somethingbetween…

Alotof

Orso

Atmost

Atleast

Many

Seldom

Several

Most

Sometimes

Strictlyspeaking

Virtually

Regular

Practically

Actually

Technically

Insomeaspects

Relatively

essentially

Lessthan/mor