论文模版Word格式.docx
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AThesis
SubmittedinPartialFulfilmentoftheRequirementfortheB.A.DegreeinEnglishLanguageandLiterature
By
XiaJing-jing
Supervisor:
ZhouHong
AcademicTitle:
Professor
CollegeofForeignLanguages
JiaxingUniversity,ZhejiangProvince,P.R.C.
May18,2011
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摘 要
作为模糊语言家族的一个组成部分，模糊限制语是其中最普遍、最典型的、最具研究价值的语言现象。
研究表明，与男性相比，女性更倾向于高频率地使用模糊限制语，因此，模糊限制语已成为女性话语的一个重要特征。
本文首先以2009年，2010年奥斯卡奖项以及2010年MTV这三场国际性影视颁奖典礼上女性获奖感言为语料，着重分析获奖感言中女性使用模糊限制语的原因：
生理因素，心理因素，言语话题需要，工作性质，探究模糊限制语在女性话语中的语用功能，合理地使用模糊限制语可以使得会话更加精确，同时展示说话人的礼貌，保护自我，展示自我，使读者了解到模糊限制语在女性话语中发挥着不可忽视的意义。
关键词：
模糊限制语;
女性话语;
原因;
语用功能
Abstract
Asapartofthefuzzylanguage,hedgesarethemostcommon,typical,andofmostworthyresearchinginallofthelanguagephenomena.Itshowsthatfemale,comparedwithmale,tendtomakeuseofhedgesfrequently.Therefore,hedgeshavebecomeadistinguishingfeatureinthefemaleutterance.Basedonthefemales’speechonseveralawardpresentationceremoniesofinternationalfilmandtelevisioncircles,thisthesisemphaticallylooksintothefactorsofhedgesinthefemaleutterance,namelyphysiologicalfactor,psychologicalfactor,thefactorofutterancetopic,andthefactorofworkingenvironment,analyzesthepragmaticfunctionsofhedgesinthefemaleutterance.Theappropriateuseofhedgeinfemaleutteranceisabletoachievetherelativeprecisionofcommunication,showcourtesy,protectherselfandpresentherself,whichmakesreadersawareofthehedges’greaterinfluenceinthefemaleutterance.
KeyWords:
hedges;
femaleutterance;
factors;
pragmaticfunctions
Contents
1.Introduction……………………………………………………………………....1
2.Hedges…………………………………………………………………………….2
2.1TheDefinitionofHedges………………………………………………………2
2.2TheClassificationofHedges……………………………………………...........2
2.3TheStructureofHedges………………………………………………………...3
3.AnalysisofMaterial……………………………………………………………....4
4.TheFactorsforHedgesUsedFrequentlyinFemaleUtterance………………..5
4.1PhysiologicalFactor…………………………………………………………….6
4.2PsychologicalFactor………………………………………………………........6
4.3TheFactorofUtteranceTopic……………………………………………….…7
4.4TheFactorofWorkingEnvironment……………………………………………8
5.ThePragmaticFunctionsofHedges……………………………………………...9
5.1TheRelativePrecisionofCommunication……………………………………..9
5.2ShowingCourtesy……………………………………………………………..10
5.3Self-protection&
Self-presenting………………………………………..……11
6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...12
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………...13
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………14
1Introduction
L.A.Zadeh,acyberneticsexpertoftheUniversityofCaliforniaintheUnitedStatesin1965,publishedathesisFuzzySetsonthemagazineofInformationandControlinproposingthefamousfuzzytheory,whichwasofepoch-makingsignificanceofthescienceage.In1972,anAmericanlinguist,G.Lakoff,announcedathesisnamedHedges:
astudyinmeaningcriteriaandthelogicoffuzzyconcepts.ItisthefirsttimetobringaboutthetermHedgesanddefiniteit“wordswhosejobistomakethingsfuzzierorlessfuzzy”.In1975,Lakoffpointedoutthatsomelanguagecharactersappearmorefrequentlyinfemaleutterancethaninmale’s.Thenhecalledthislanguagephenomenonwomen’slanguageorfeatures.Infact,hedgesareoneofthedistinctcharactersamongthewomen’slanguageorfeatures.
ProfessorWuTiepinlaunchedapaperFirstExplorationofVagueLanguageontheforthissueForeignLanguage,markingthebeginningofvaguelanguageinChina.Sinceanumberoflanguagelinguistshaveengagedinthestudy,vaguelanguagehasbecomeanemergingandfrontierscience.Withthedevelopmentoffuzzylinguisticsathomeandabroad,hedgesarealsosteppingintoanewstagebothintheoryandinapplication.However,althoughmanyChineselinguistsdoalotworkofthehedgesappliances,hedgesinfemaleutterancecharactersareshortageofformationofin-depthandsystematicresearch.
Intheseyears,lotsoflinguisticsaretiedupwithfemalefromtheaspectofhedges.ShuiMiao（2008）analyzedthefunctionsofexactness,interpersonalrelationship,flexibilityandmisconceptionofgenderdifferencesonhedges,andalsodiscussedthereasonsofhedgesinfemaleutterance.Butshefailedtoconnectthepracticalmaterialswithhedges.ZhangXiaohui（2009）owesthischaractertowomen’lowsocietystatus,whichappearstobefarmorethantoexplainthisphenomenoncompletely.TakingtheexampleofPrideandPrejudice,WangPengandSunFeiran（2009）discussedthepragmaticfunctionsandreasonsofhedgesinfemaleutteranceandstatedthathedgeshaveinterpersonalcoordination,dissemblanceandprotectionaswellasrefinementandcourtesyfunctions.Itseemslackinginenoughevidenceforwomenfrequentuseofhedgeinpractice.Ifwewanttosearchintotheuseofhedgesinfemaleutterance,thebestmethodistocombinethetheorywithoralpractice.
2.Hedges
2.1Thedefinitionofhedges
Asforthedefinitionofhedges,differentlanguagelinguistshavedifferentexplanations.Theterm,hedges,wasfirstlydefinedas“wordswhosejobistomakethingsfuzzierorlessfuzzy”byLakoffin1972.ThenotionofhedgesisjustsomeuncertainconceptionorrestrictivephasesonthedisciplinepragmaticsanddiscourseanalysisinCristal’s（1997:
170）ModernLinguisticDictionary.Verschueren（1999:
193）heldtheviewthathedgeslimitedtheprepositionalcontentdirectly,namelyevaluatingprepositionattitudes,congnitionorproofattitudesinthedirectway,atthesametimeshowingmetapragmaticawareness.Weinreich（1996）calledhedgesmetapragmaticoperationlanguage,suchastrue,real.Yule（1996）defined“thecautiouscomprehendingexpressionofhowarethewordsunderstood”inhisbookPragmatics,like“asfarasIknow”,thiswordprovidingcertaininformationforus.
Personally,theauthorprefersthedefinitionofhedgesgivenbyLiQianjuinhisbookVagueSemanticsIntroduction:
hedgesareattachedtotheclearmeaningwordsorexpressions,whichcanchangeoriginal,certainconceptiontovagueness.Asamatteroffact,hedgesarenotonlywords,phases,butalsosomecompositestructureandminorsentence.Wecantotallycallthemhedges.
2.2Theclassificationofhedges
Accordingtodifferentstandards,thereareavarietyofclassificationsofhedgesthatlinguistsputforward.FourtypesappearsoriginallyinL.A.Zadehreseach:
someadjectivesandadverbs;
likesomesuffixes–ish,-likely,-ly,oncetheyareaddedtowords,thesewordsmaybecomehedges;
somewordsindicatespeakers’hesitationoruncertainty,actingasadverbialsofmanneroradverbialsofdegree;
whensomeoneexpressesoneself,he/shemakesuseofsentencestructureinordertoshowmorepolite.Kasper（1981）regardedhedgesasdowngrader:
facemarker,suchas“please”,“could”;
understater,like“alittle”;
subjectivizer,like“i’mafraid”;
downtoner,suchas“probably”,“maybe”;
cajoler,like“youknow”;
appealer,like“right”;
hesitationmarker,like“well”;
limiter,like“thisweekend”.
Inourcountry,accordingtoHeZiran’sresearch,hedgesconsistofapproximationsandshields.Fromtheboardsemanticcharacters,ChenLinhua（1994）divideshedgesintofivetypes:
degree,range,quality,quantityandmanner.SemantichedgesandpragmatichedgesunderthedegreeofhedgesdependingoncontextsmakeupofhedgesproposedbyGaoXiaofangandZhangQin.What’smore,ZhaoYinglinclassifieshedgesofscienceandtechnologylanguageintothreeparts:
accuracy-orientedhedges,author-orientedhedgesandreader-orientedhedgesinaccordancewithhedgesfunctionsandrestrictiverange.
However,sofarthemostinfluentialandwidelyrecognizedoneisproposedbyE.F.Princeandhiscolleagues,J.FraderandC.Boskfromthepointofpragmatics.
Adaptors
Approximators
Rounders
Hedges
Plausibilityshields
ShieldsAttributionshields
2.3Thestructureofhedges
Approximatorscanaltertheoriginalmeaningofdiscoursestructure,ormakesomechangesoftheoriginalwordstosomeextendbasedonthepracticalsituation,orgiveafluctuatingrangetotheoriginalwords.Adaptorsarethosethatcanrevealthetrueextentofdifferencesindiscourse,whileroundersarethosethatlimitfluctuatingrange.Onthecontrary,shieldsdon’tchangetheoriginalmeaningofdiscoursestructure.Itisjustadditionofanexplanationwhichmakesoriginalaffirmativetonetowardsrelaxation.Plausibilityarethosespeakerspluzzordoubtthetheme,whileshieldsshowsspeakers’uncertaintyofthetheme,butitborrowsthethirdperson’sopinioninordertoexpressoneselfindirectly.
Hedges
Approximators
Shields
Adaptors
Rounders
Plausibility
Attribution
Kindof
Sortof
Alittlebit
Really
Somewhat
Very
Quite
Almost
Just
Commonly
Inasense
Moreorless
Especially
Much
Slightly
Highly
Tosomeextent
About
Around
Roughly
approximately
Over
Somethingbetween…
Alotof
Orso
Atmost
Atleast
Many
Seldom
Several
Most
Sometimes
Strictlyspeaking
Virtually
Regular
Practically
Actually
Technically
Insomeaspects
Relatively
essentially
Lessthan/mor
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