Nonfinite VerbsWord文档格式.docx

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Nonfinite VerbsWord文档格式.docx

tobedoing

/

完成式

tohavedone

tohavebeendone

完成进行式

tohavebeendoing

(2)不定式的句法功能

1)用作主语

a)不定式作主语时常用it放在句首作形式主语,而将不定式移到谓语后面。

Tobeagoodteacherrequirespatience.(=Itrequirespatiencetobeagoodteacher.)

TolearnJapanesewellisnoteasy.(=ItisnoteasytolearnJapanesewell.)

b)不定式的复合结构:

在不定式前面用for/of+n./pron.引出不定式的逻辑主语。

i)“Itis+adj.+for+n./pron.+todosth.”

e.g.:

Itisimportantforyoutouseyourtimewisely.(=Itisimportantthatyouuseyourtimewisely.)

常用于这个句型作主语补语的adj.有:

impossible,difficult,hard,easy,possible,important,essential,necessary等。

ii)“Itis+adj.+of+n./pron.+todosth.”

Itwasbraveofhimtodivefromthecliff.(=Hewasbravetodivefromthecliff.)

absurd,bold,brave,careful,careless,cowardly,cruel,foolish,generous,good,honest,kind,nice,polite,right,rude,selfish,silly,stupid,thoughtful,wicked,wrong等。

2)用作宾语

a)V.+不定式

能带不定式作宾语的动词有:

afford,agree,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,claim,consent,decide,demand,desire,endeavor,expect,fail,fear,hate,help,hesitate,intend,learn,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,pledge,prefer,prepare,pretend,refuse,remember,resolve,start,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow,want,wish…

b)V.+wh-word+不定式

e.g.Heaskedhowtogettotherailwaystation.

Haveyoudecidedwhethertogoforanouting?

能以这个结构作宾语的动词有:

consider,discover,findout,explain,forget,guess,know,think,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder,demonstrate…

3)用作宾语补足语

a)V.+n./pron.+不定式

HechallengedAnntoracehimtotheschool.

Weshouldgethimtoseeadoctor.

可用于此结构的动词有:

advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,force,inform,invite,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish…

b)V.+it+adj./n.+不定式

Ifinditdifficulttolearnaforeignlanguagewell.

think,find,believe,consider,judge,make,feel…

c)V.+n./pron.+tobe/have…

Webelievehimtohavethebestcollectionofstampsinthecountry.

TheyappointedProfessorJohnsontobethepresidentoftheuniversity.

appoint,choose,declare,find,guess,imagine,judge,prove,report,select,think…

4)用作定语

a)由only,last,next,序数词或adj.最高级修饰的n.常用不定式作定语。

E.g.:

Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice.

Idon’tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.

b)不定式常用作下列n./pron.的定语:

ability,ambition,anything,attempt,capability,chance,curiosity,desire,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something,tendency,time,way,wish等。

Ihavenodesiretotravel.

There’snoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles.

5)用作状语

a)目的状语

Todohiswork,Einsteinneededonlyapenandapadofpaper.

Inordertoovercomedifficulties,wemustworkhard.

b)结果状语

Johnlefthishometowntenyearsago,nevertoreturn.

Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.

Wouldyoubesokindastoopenthedoorforme?

c)原因状语

Theylaughedtoseetheclown.(=Theylaughedbecausetheysawtheclown.)

Hewasoverjoyedtohearthenews.

6)用作表语

Toseeheristoloveher.她真是人见人爱。

7)用作主语补足语

Hewasseentoenterthehall.

8)作独立结构

tobefrank,tobeprecise/fair/sure/exact,totellthetruth,tocutalongstoryshort(简而言之),tosaytheleast(退一步说)…

◆“too…to”,“enough…to”及其变体

a)“too+adj./adv.+todosth.”中的不定式有否定意义,表示“太……而不能”。

如:

Theparcelwastoolargetocomebyletterpost.(=Theparcelwassolargethatitcouldn’tcomebyletterpost.)

Shespoketoofastforustofollow.(=Shespokesofastthatwecouldn’tfollowher.)

Note:

1)“not/nevertoo…to”表示肯定的意思。

Iamnottoobusytocome.

Wearenevertoooldtolearn.

2)“too…notto”表示肯定的意思。

Heistoosmartnottoseeyourpoint.

3)“but/only/just/merelytoo…to”表示肯定的意思。

Heisbutonlytoogladtojoinus.

Weareonlytoohappytohaveyouwithus.

4)“tooready/eagerto”表示“时刻准备”或“急于”;

“tooapt/inclinedto”表示“易于”。

Weareonlytooreadytoapplytoothersthecoldwindofcriticism.我们总是动辄就毫不留情地批评别人。

Heistooinclinedtobecheated.

b)“enough…to”中的不定式有肯定意义,表示“足够……能”。

Thehallisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.

Shespokeslowenoughforeveryonetounderstand.

◆不带to的不定式

1)用于feel,hear,listento,lookat,notice,watch,see,have,let,make等动词后面作宾补时。

Fatherhadmewashhiscaryesterday.

Shemademesitatthetable.

Icanseenobodygoout.

用于被动语态时,to要保留。

Hewasmadetostayintheclassroomafterschool.

Shewasheardtosinginherroom.

2)在hadbetter/wouldrather后面。

Wouldyouratherdrivethereorgobybus?

Wehadbetterworkhardersoastopassalltheexamthisterm.

3)rather/soonerthan位于句首时。

Ratherthangobybus,hewalkstohisoffice.

Hewalkstohisofficeratherthan(to)gobybus.(放在句末时可以带to)

4)在except/but后面。

Hesaidhewoulddoanythingexceptcook.

Imissedthelastbus.Icoulddonothingbutstayinthevillageforthenight.

5)主语部分含有do的某种形式时,作主补的不定式可以省去to,也可保留to。

Whatwe’lldois(to)talkClassTwointoafootballmatch.

Allhedidwas(to)makeotherswork.

Thethingtodois(to)cleartheroad.

2.Participles

A.PresentParticiple现在分词

1)现在分词的形式

doing

beingdone

havingdone

havingbeendone

2)现在分词的用法

c)用作定语

单个-ing形式作定语一般放在n.前,如:

anexhaustingday,thecomingweek;

-ing短语作定语则放在n.后面,相当于一个定语从句。

TheyoungmansittingbetweenMaryandJohnistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.=Theyoungmanwho/thatissittingbetweenMaryandJohnistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.

d)用作状语

i)伴随状语:

相当于另外一个分句,一般放在句末,有时也可放在句首或句中。

Hesatinanarmchair,watchingTV.(=HesatinthearmchairandwatchedTV.)

Singingandlaughing,thepupilscameintotheroom.

ii)时间状语:

一般放在句首,有时放句中,前面加when/while/until等连词时也可放在句末。

Turningaround,shesawTomintears.(=Whensheturnedaround,shesawTomintears.)

Igottoknowhimwhileworkinginthefactory.

iii)原因状语:

一般放在句首,也可放在句中或句末。

Beingill,hecouldn’tgotoclass.(=Ashewasill,hecouldn’tgotoclass.)

Tonyatethecakeup,notwantingtoshareitwithCarl.(Tonyatethecakeupbecausehedidn’twanttoshareitwithCarl.)

iv)条件状语:

一般放在句首。

Ifgoingtherebyplane,we’llhavetopaytwiceasmuch.

v)结果状语:

一般置于句末,前面可加so,thereby,thus等副词。

Thewarwentonforyears,killingthousandsuponthousandsofpeople.(=Thewarwentonforyears,whichkilledthousandsuponthousandsofpeople.)

Thefarmersusedanewinsecticide(农药),thusraisingtheaverageyieldby15percent.

vi)让步状语

Althoughworkinghard,hefailedtopasstheexam.

e)用于构成进行时:

be+doing

Thestudentsareplantingtrees.

f)用作宾补

I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.

IcanhearMarysinginginherroomnow.

g)作独立成分。

generallyspeaking,judgingby…

B.PastParticiple过去分词

主要用法:

a)用作定语:

i)单个-ed形式作定语一般放在n.前,如:

theaddedfunds,therevisedversion;

-ed短语作定语则放在n.后面,相当于一个定语从句。

Heateupthecakemadebyhismother.(=Heateupthecakewhich/thathadbeenmadebyhismother.)

ii)有些-ed可作前置定语,也可以作后置定语,但意义不同。

Inoticedaconcerned(关切的)lookinhiseyes./Allpartiesconcerned(有关的)willbepresent.Thisisaninvolvedsentence.(复杂的)/Allpeopleinvolved(有牵连的)havebeenquestioned.Thestoresellsused(旧的)booksonly./Thetextbooksused(所采用的)areallup-to-date.

b)用作状语

i)原因状语:

Seriouslyinjured,Allenwasrushedtothehospital.(=Ashewasseriouslyinjured,Allenwasrushedtothehospital.)

一般放在句首,有时放句中,前面加

when/while/until等连词时也可放在句末。

Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereportedatonce.

Seenfromadistance,themountainlookedlikeanelephant.

iii)让步状语

Althoughgiventhebestmedicalcare,hedied.

iv)伴随状语:

相当于另外一个分句,一般放在句末,

有时也可放在句首或句中。

Wewenthomeexhausted.(=Wewenthomeandwewereexhausted.)

c)用作宾语补足语

I’llhavemyhaircutthisafternoon.

IoftenhearEnglishspokenintheiroffice.

d)用于构成完成时(havedone)、不定式完成式(tohavedone)及被动语态(bedone)

3.Gerund动名词

a)用作主语

Takingacoldbatheverydaydoeshimalotofgood.(=Itdoeshimalotofgoodtakingacoldbatheveryday.)

b)用作宾语(动宾&

介宾)

Hehasgivenupsmoking.(动宾)

Iwarnedhimagainstdrivingfast.(介宾)

以下动词后面常跟动名词作宾语:

admit,appreciate(感激),avoid,complete,consider,delay,deny,detest(讨厌),endure(忍受),enjoy,escape,face,fancy,finish,forgive,imagine,include,keep,mind,miss,postpone,practise,recall,resent,resume,resist,risk,stand(忍受),suggest,undersrtand…

以下结构后面也可以跟动名词作宾语:

prefer...to...,beused/accustomedto(习惯于),leadto,devoteoneselfto(献身于/致力于……),objectto(反对),stickto(坚持),nogood/use,befondof(喜爱),lookforwardto(期盼),beproudof(以……为荣),bebusy(忙着),can’thelp(禁不住),betiredof(对……感到厌烦),becapableof(能够),beafraidof(害怕),thinkof(考虑/想到),burstout(突然……起来),keepon(继续),insiston(坚持),counton(指望),setabout(着手),putoff(推迟),begoodat(擅长),takeup(开始从事/喜欢),giveup(放弃),besuccessfulin/succeedin(在……取得成功)...

awalkingstick,aswimmingpool,adiningroom(表示n.的function)

【比较现在分词作定语:

asleepingbaby(thebabyissleeping),anawakeningnation(thenationisawakening)(表示n.正在进行那个动作)】

d)用作表语(对主语的说明、解释)

Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.

【比较:

Sheiswashing,cleani

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