Nonfinite VerbsWord文档格式.docx
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tobedoing
/
完成式
tohavedone
tohavebeendone
完成进行式
tohavebeendoing
(2)不定式的句法功能
1)用作主语
a)不定式作主语时常用it放在句首作形式主语,而将不定式移到谓语后面。
Tobeagoodteacherrequirespatience.(=Itrequirespatiencetobeagoodteacher.)
TolearnJapanesewellisnoteasy.(=ItisnoteasytolearnJapanesewell.)
b)不定式的复合结构:
在不定式前面用for/of+n./pron.引出不定式的逻辑主语。
i)“Itis+adj.+for+n./pron.+todosth.”
e.g.:
Itisimportantforyoutouseyourtimewisely.(=Itisimportantthatyouuseyourtimewisely.)
常用于这个句型作主语补语的adj.有:
impossible,difficult,hard,easy,possible,important,essential,necessary等。
ii)“Itis+adj.+of+n./pron.+todosth.”
Itwasbraveofhimtodivefromthecliff.(=Hewasbravetodivefromthecliff.)
absurd,bold,brave,careful,careless,cowardly,cruel,foolish,generous,good,honest,kind,nice,polite,right,rude,selfish,silly,stupid,thoughtful,wicked,wrong等。
2)用作宾语
a)V.+不定式
能带不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford,agree,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,claim,consent,decide,demand,desire,endeavor,expect,fail,fear,hate,help,hesitate,intend,learn,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,pledge,prefer,prepare,pretend,refuse,remember,resolve,start,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow,want,wish…
b)V.+wh-word+不定式
e.g.Heaskedhowtogettotherailwaystation.
Haveyoudecidedwhethertogoforanouting?
能以这个结构作宾语的动词有:
consider,discover,findout,explain,forget,guess,know,think,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder,demonstrate…
3)用作宾语补足语
a)V.+n./pron.+不定式
HechallengedAnntoracehimtotheschool.
Weshouldgethimtoseeadoctor.
可用于此结构的动词有:
advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,force,inform,invite,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish…
b)V.+it+adj./n.+不定式
Ifinditdifficulttolearnaforeignlanguagewell.
think,find,believe,consider,judge,make,feel…
c)V.+n./pron.+tobe/have…
Webelievehimtohavethebestcollectionofstampsinthecountry.
TheyappointedProfessorJohnsontobethepresidentoftheuniversity.
appoint,choose,declare,find,guess,imagine,judge,prove,report,select,think…
4)用作定语
a)由only,last,next,序数词或adj.最高级修饰的n.常用不定式作定语。
E.g.:
Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice.
Idon’tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.
b)不定式常用作下列n./pron.的定语:
ability,ambition,anything,attempt,capability,chance,curiosity,desire,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something,tendency,time,way,wish等。
Ihavenodesiretotravel.
There’snoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles.
5)用作状语
a)目的状语
Todohiswork,Einsteinneededonlyapenandapadofpaper.
Inordertoovercomedifficulties,wemustworkhard.
b)结果状语
Johnlefthishometowntenyearsago,nevertoreturn.
Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.
Wouldyoubesokindastoopenthedoorforme?
c)原因状语
Theylaughedtoseetheclown.(=Theylaughedbecausetheysawtheclown.)
Hewasoverjoyedtohearthenews.
6)用作表语
Toseeheristoloveher.她真是人见人爱。
7)用作主语补足语
Hewasseentoenterthehall.
8)作独立结构
tobefrank,tobeprecise/fair/sure/exact,totellthetruth,tocutalongstoryshort(简而言之),tosaytheleast(退一步说)…
◆“too…to”,“enough…to”及其变体
a)“too+adj./adv.+todosth.”中的不定式有否定意义,表示“太……而不能”。
如:
Theparcelwastoolargetocomebyletterpost.(=Theparcelwassolargethatitcouldn’tcomebyletterpost.)
Shespoketoofastforustofollow.(=Shespokesofastthatwecouldn’tfollowher.)
Note:
1)“not/nevertoo…to”表示肯定的意思。
Iamnottoobusytocome.
Wearenevertoooldtolearn.
2)“too…notto”表示肯定的意思。
Heistoosmartnottoseeyourpoint.
3)“but/only/just/merelytoo…to”表示肯定的意思。
Heisbutonlytoogladtojoinus.
Weareonlytoohappytohaveyouwithus.
4)“tooready/eagerto”表示“时刻准备”或“急于”;
“tooapt/inclinedto”表示“易于”。
Weareonlytooreadytoapplytoothersthecoldwindofcriticism.我们总是动辄就毫不留情地批评别人。
Heistooinclinedtobecheated.
b)“enough…to”中的不定式有肯定意义,表示“足够……能”。
Thehallisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.
Shespokeslowenoughforeveryonetounderstand.
◆不带to的不定式
1)用于feel,hear,listento,lookat,notice,watch,see,have,let,make等动词后面作宾补时。
Fatherhadmewashhiscaryesterday.
Shemademesitatthetable.
Icanseenobodygoout.
用于被动语态时,to要保留。
Hewasmadetostayintheclassroomafterschool.
Shewasheardtosinginherroom.
2)在hadbetter/wouldrather后面。
Wouldyouratherdrivethereorgobybus?
Wehadbetterworkhardersoastopassalltheexamthisterm.
3)rather/soonerthan位于句首时。
Ratherthangobybus,hewalkstohisoffice.
Hewalkstohisofficeratherthan(to)gobybus.(放在句末时可以带to)
4)在except/but后面。
Hesaidhewoulddoanythingexceptcook.
Imissedthelastbus.Icoulddonothingbutstayinthevillageforthenight.
5)主语部分含有do的某种形式时,作主补的不定式可以省去to,也可保留to。
Whatwe’lldois(to)talkClassTwointoafootballmatch.
Allhedidwas(to)makeotherswork.
Thethingtodois(to)cleartheroad.
2.Participles
A.PresentParticiple现在分词
1)现在分词的形式
doing
beingdone
havingdone
havingbeendone
2)现在分词的用法
c)用作定语
单个-ing形式作定语一般放在n.前,如:
anexhaustingday,thecomingweek;
-ing短语作定语则放在n.后面,相当于一个定语从句。
TheyoungmansittingbetweenMaryandJohnistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.=Theyoungmanwho/thatissittingbetweenMaryandJohnistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.
d)用作状语
i)伴随状语:
相当于另外一个分句,一般放在句末,有时也可放在句首或句中。
Hesatinanarmchair,watchingTV.(=HesatinthearmchairandwatchedTV.)
Singingandlaughing,thepupilscameintotheroom.
ii)时间状语:
一般放在句首,有时放句中,前面加when/while/until等连词时也可放在句末。
Turningaround,shesawTomintears.(=Whensheturnedaround,shesawTomintears.)
Igottoknowhimwhileworkinginthefactory.
iii)原因状语:
一般放在句首,也可放在句中或句末。
Beingill,hecouldn’tgotoclass.(=Ashewasill,hecouldn’tgotoclass.)
Tonyatethecakeup,notwantingtoshareitwithCarl.(Tonyatethecakeupbecausehedidn’twanttoshareitwithCarl.)
iv)条件状语:
一般放在句首。
Ifgoingtherebyplane,we’llhavetopaytwiceasmuch.
v)结果状语:
一般置于句末,前面可加so,thereby,thus等副词。
Thewarwentonforyears,killingthousandsuponthousandsofpeople.(=Thewarwentonforyears,whichkilledthousandsuponthousandsofpeople.)
Thefarmersusedanewinsecticide(农药),thusraisingtheaverageyieldby15percent.
vi)让步状语
Althoughworkinghard,hefailedtopasstheexam.
e)用于构成进行时:
be+doing
Thestudentsareplantingtrees.
f)用作宾补
I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.
IcanhearMarysinginginherroomnow.
g)作独立成分。
generallyspeaking,judgingby…
B.PastParticiple过去分词
主要用法:
a)用作定语:
i)单个-ed形式作定语一般放在n.前,如:
theaddedfunds,therevisedversion;
-ed短语作定语则放在n.后面,相当于一个定语从句。
Heateupthecakemadebyhismother.(=Heateupthecakewhich/thathadbeenmadebyhismother.)
ii)有些-ed可作前置定语,也可以作后置定语,但意义不同。
Inoticedaconcerned(关切的)lookinhiseyes./Allpartiesconcerned(有关的)willbepresent.Thisisaninvolvedsentence.(复杂的)/Allpeopleinvolved(有牵连的)havebeenquestioned.Thestoresellsused(旧的)booksonly./Thetextbooksused(所采用的)areallup-to-date.
b)用作状语
i)原因状语:
Seriouslyinjured,Allenwasrushedtothehospital.(=Ashewasseriouslyinjured,Allenwasrushedtothehospital.)
一般放在句首,有时放句中,前面加
when/while/until等连词时也可放在句末。
Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereportedatonce.
Seenfromadistance,themountainlookedlikeanelephant.
iii)让步状语
Althoughgiventhebestmedicalcare,hedied.
iv)伴随状语:
相当于另外一个分句,一般放在句末,
有时也可放在句首或句中。
Wewenthomeexhausted.(=Wewenthomeandwewereexhausted.)
c)用作宾语补足语
I’llhavemyhaircutthisafternoon.
IoftenhearEnglishspokenintheiroffice.
d)用于构成完成时(havedone)、不定式完成式(tohavedone)及被动语态(bedone)
3.Gerund动名词
a)用作主语
Takingacoldbatheverydaydoeshimalotofgood.(=Itdoeshimalotofgoodtakingacoldbatheveryday.)
b)用作宾语(动宾&
介宾)
Hehasgivenupsmoking.(动宾)
Iwarnedhimagainstdrivingfast.(介宾)
以下动词后面常跟动名词作宾语:
admit,appreciate(感激),avoid,complete,consider,delay,deny,detest(讨厌),endure(忍受),enjoy,escape,face,fancy,finish,forgive,imagine,include,keep,mind,miss,postpone,practise,recall,resent,resume,resist,risk,stand(忍受),suggest,undersrtand…
以下结构后面也可以跟动名词作宾语:
prefer...to...,beused/accustomedto(习惯于),leadto,devoteoneselfto(献身于/致力于……),objectto(反对),stickto(坚持),nogood/use,befondof(喜爱),lookforwardto(期盼),beproudof(以……为荣),bebusy(忙着),can’thelp(禁不住),betiredof(对……感到厌烦),becapableof(能够),beafraidof(害怕),thinkof(考虑/想到),burstout(突然……起来),keepon(继续),insiston(坚持),counton(指望),setabout(着手),putoff(推迟),begoodat(擅长),takeup(开始从事/喜欢),giveup(放弃),besuccessfulin/succeedin(在……取得成功)...
awalkingstick,aswimmingpool,adiningroom(表示n.的function)
【比较现在分词作定语:
asleepingbaby(thebabyissleeping),anawakeningnation(thenationisawakening)(表示n.正在进行那个动作)】
d)用作表语(对主语的说明、解释)
Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.
【比较:
Sheiswashing,cleani