专四语法总结Word格式.docx
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Itissillyofyoutobecheatedbyhim..
It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.
It’stimeforyoutogetup.
3.不定式做定语
做后置定语。
thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性
ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.
AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.
(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。
Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.
Iwantsomethingtoeat.
4.不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
soasto不能置于句首。
Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.
ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.
onlyto表示意想不到的结果,
Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.
三、动名词
1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词
牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词:
acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。
Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.
2.动名词做介词短语
考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词,不是不定式符号:
objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。
四、分词
分词起形容词和副词的作用,在句中做定语或状语。
在概念上应清楚:
●现在分词表示主动,表示动作在进行。
●过去分词表示被动,表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词做定语,弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句,考生应掌握:
(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。
It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.
TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.
(相当于whichgave...)
Howmanyofusattendingameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?
(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)
(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。
Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.
(相当于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)
Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,
Justwiththevalueofatelephonenetworkincreasingwith
Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.
(相当于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)
anescapedprisoner一个逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人
afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗帘anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来的学生
2.分词做状语,注意区分分词的一般式与完成式
(1)表示时间,多置于句首,注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词,要用完成式。
Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.
(complete先于start之前发生)
3.分词的独立主格结构
分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语,称为分词独立主格结构。
分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。
Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.
Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.
Weatherpermitting,wewillgoonapicnic.
五、非谓语动词的其他考点
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法
meantodo想要(做某事)
proposetodo打算(做某事)
meandoing意味(做某事)
proposedoing建议(做某事)
regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾
regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔
三、
句型:
cannothelpbutdo
cannotbutdo
cannotchoosebutdo
candonothingbutdo
havenochoice/alternativebuttodo
上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。
Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.
WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.
4.therebe非谓语动词的用法
(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。
Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)
(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe,做其他状语用therebeing。
Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语)
Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.
(fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语)
Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因状语)
(3)引导主语用fortheretobe。
Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.
(4)做除for外的介词宾语,用therebeing。
Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.
六、虚拟语气
1.主从句谓语动词的时态
(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:
从句
主句
与现在事实相反
were(不分人称)/did
would/情态动词过去式+do
与过去事实相反
haddone
would/情态动词过去式+havedone
与将来事实相反
shoulddo/weretodo
Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.
(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念:
主从句谓语动词所指时间不同,这叫做错综时间条件句,动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。
Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.
(主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)
HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.
(3)识别事实和假设混合句:
Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.
(句子前半部分为假设情况,而“父母病了”是事实)
Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.
(前半部分为假设,后半部分是事实)
2.名词性从句的虚拟形式
名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。
考生应熟悉:
(1)下列动词做谓语时,that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式:
desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,requireinsist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。
Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.
Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.
(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时,that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式:
advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。
Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.
Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.
(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句中动词用虚拟形式:
insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。
JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.
Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.
3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式
含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达,而是暗含在其他结构中。
(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse;
副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。
Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.
Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;
otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.
(2)介词短语暗含假设条件,常用的有:
without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。
ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished
+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。
Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.
(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。
Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.
4.常用虚拟形式的句型
(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型:
wouldrather
wouldassoon
asthough
suppose…
hadrather
wouldsooner
asif
supposing…
Ifonly…
Itis(high)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式)
Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.
I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.
IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.
Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.
(3)Ifonly…(要是。
。
就好了)谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。
Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.
(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。
Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.
3.几个情态动词常考的句型
(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨,最好”,与hadbetter相近。
Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.
(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。
注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。
Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.
(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外,大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。
Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.
.
3.最高级形式应注意的问题
比较级形式表