自考00832英语词汇学考试概念题整理Word文件下载.docx

自考00832英语词汇学考试概念题整理Word文件下载.docx

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referstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts，sciences，tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves

6.Slang：

belongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikecant，jargon，andargot

7.Contentwords：

denoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns，verbs，adjectives，adverbsandnumerals

8.Functionalwords：

donothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore，theyarealsocalledemptywords.Astheirchieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions，therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences

9.borrowedwords：

arewordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages，knownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms

10.Denizens：

arewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowwellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.

11.Aliens：

areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

12.Translation-loans：

arewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

13.Semantic-loans：

Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed

14.Creation：

referstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials，namelyroots，affixesandotherelements

15.Semanticchange：

meansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed

16.morpheme：

is'

thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords'

17.monomorphemicwords：

coincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence

18.allomorphs：

arealternativemorphsrealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword

19.FreeMorphemes自由词素：

havecompletemeaninginthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.（whichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree）.

20.BoundMorphemes（粘着语素）：

Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords.

21.Affixes：

areformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction

22.affixescanbeputintotwogroups:

1）Inflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）：

affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.

2）Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）：

derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.

23.Aroot：

isthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.

Intermsofderivationalandinflectionalmorphology，a'

rootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved'

.

Astem：

canbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

24.Affixation：

isgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation，fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives

25.affixationfallsintotwosubclasses：

prefixationandsuffixation.

（1）Prefixation：

istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.

（2）Suffixation：

istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem，suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole，theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.

26.Compounding：

istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.alsocalledcomposition.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.

27.Conversion：

istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass

28.Blending：

istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblendsorpormanteauwords

29.clipping：

istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.

30.Acronymy：

istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms，dependingonthepronunciationofthewords.

31.Initialisms：

arewordspronouncedletterbyletter.IncaseslikeA.D.（AnnoDomini=intheyearafterthebirthofJesusChrist）,B.C.（BeforeChrist）andC.O.D.（cashondelivery）

32.Acronyms：

arewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword，forexampleradar（radiodetectingandranging），andWAVES（WomenAppointedforVoluntaryEmergencyService），etc

33.Back-formation：

isconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.Asweknow，suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases，andback-formation：

istheformationofnewwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.

34.Reference（所指）:

Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Thereferenceofawordisarbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction，yetwiththehelpofcontext，itcanrefertosomethingspecific

35.Concept（概念）：

whichisbeyondlanguage，istheresultofhumancognition（结识）,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.

Meaningandconcept：

Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.Meaningsoisrestrictedtolanguageuse.

36.Sense:

Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.

37.SenseandReference：

Unlikereference，'

sense'

denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.'

Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.'

（ibid）Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing，itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense（noteverywordhasreference）.

38.Motivation（动机）：

accountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.Asweknow，therelationshipbetweentheword-formandmeaningisconventionalandarbitrary，andmostwordscanbesaidtobenon-motivated.

39.Onomatopoeicmotivation（象声动机）：

wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning，forthesewordswerecreatesbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning.

40.Morphologicalmotivation（词素动机）：

Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines.E.g.：

airmail

41.Semanticmotivation（语义动机）：

referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.E.g:

thefootofthemountain（foot）

42.Etymologicalmotivation（语源动机）：

Themeaningsofmanywordsoftenrelatedirectlytotheirorigins.Inotherwordsthehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.E.g:

pen-feather

43.GrammaticalMeaning（语法意义）：

referstothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationshipssuchaspartofspeechofwords，singularandpluralmeaningofnouns，tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalforms.Grammaticalmeaningofawordbecomesimportantonlywhenitisusedinactualcontext.

44.Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents：

conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.

45.Conceptualmeaning（概念意义）：

alsoknownasdenotativemeaning（外延意义）isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning

46.Associativemeaning（关联意义）：

isthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.

47.Connotative（内涵意义）：

Incontrasttodenotativemeaning，overtonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning，traditionallyknownasconnotations.

48.Stylistic（文体意义）：

Apartfromtheirconceptualmeanings，manywordshavestylisticfeatures，whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontexts.

49.Affective（感情意义）：

indicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.

50.Collocative（搭配意义）：

Thismeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.Inotherwords，itisthepartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.

51.Awordwhichisrelatedtootherwordsisrelatedtotheminsense，hencesenserelations

52.Polysemy：

thesamesymbolmustbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings

53.diachronicapproach（历时办法）：

fromthediachronicpointofview，polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Firstmeaningistheprimarymeaning，thelatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings

54.synchronicapproach（共时办法）：

synchronically，polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime

55.radiation（辐射型）：

isasemant