科技英语考试Word格式.docx
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1.为此,必须对电路(circuit)的基本内容有一个很好的了解。
2.这个系数(coefficient)有待确定。
3.现有的教科书均没有提这一点。
4.由于反馈(feedback)在电子线路(electroniccircuit)中起着重要作用,所以对它的研究极为重要。
5.有迹象表明,计算机的价格将进一步下跌。
6.这个方法的确管用,不过到底该在什么情况下使用它尚不清楚。
7.十年前该厂的产量比现在高五倍。
8.激光(laser)是二十世纪六十年代引入的一项新技术,它能穿透(pierce)特别硬的物质。
9.为使晶体管(transistor)正常工作,必须给其电极(electrode)加(apply)上合适的电压(voltage)。
10.代表磁场(magneticfield)的磁力线(magneticlineofforce)是一些围绕该导线的同心圆(concentriccircle)。
11.我们所谓的机器人(robot)实际上是能为人类做工的一种工具。
12.这类天线(antenna)和那类天线相比的优点是结构简单,效率高。
13.半导体(semiconductor)对光和热都很敏感(sensitive),这两者都对导电率(conductivity)影响很大。
14.只有通过对系统性能进行研究我们才能了解其优缺点。
15.本书既讲了实际的设计方法,同时也讲述了理论问题,而重点放在一般概念上。
Parttwo:
MistakesCorrection(30%)(Writedownthecorrectedsentenceontheanswersheet.)
1.Weareeasytodeterminetheeffectofnewdrugtopatient.
2.Thedirectionofanelectriccurrentwasdecidedbeforeelectronswerenotdiscovered.
3.Soundtravelmuchlessfasterthanlightis.
4.Thepriceforthisinstrumentisexpensive.
5.Thereareafewexceptionsforthisrule.
6.Thehotterthebodywillbe,themoreitradiatesenergy.
7.Thefeatureofthisdeviceissmallinsizeandlightinweight.
8.Thatprofessorisveryinterestinginthistopic.
9.Oursemiconductorindustrycomesintobeingattheendof1950s.
10.Thebothengineersarebusytodesignatypeofnewcomputer.
11.Workequalstoforcemultiplyingdistance.
12.Thenewdesigninstrumentisingoodquality.
13.Theabilityforsomeelementstogiveoffradiationsisreferredastheradioactivity.
Partthree:
Readthisarticle,translatetheunderlinedsentences(15%),answerthequestions(15%)andthensummarizethisarticlewithin100words(10%).
TheDazzleofLasers(激光)
Theacronym(首字母缩写词)"
laser,"
describeshowthedeviceworks:
LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.In1916Einsteinpredictedthatelectrons(电子)inanatomcouldbedeliberatelystimulatedtoemitphotons(光子)(lightenergy)ofacertainwavelength.Hewasright.Thelasermustfirstbe"
pumped"
withenergyinavarietyofwayssothattheelectronsareexcitedintohigherenergystates.Butthesehighenergyelectronsareunstable--andfallbacktoalowerenergylevel.Onthewaydown,theirextraenergyisreleased(释放)aslight.Thatlightiscapturedinsidethelaserandamplifiedbybouncingitbackandforthbetweenmirrors.Thelaserbeamthatemergesisamplified,monochromatic(单色的),coherentlight--anditshineswithanunearthlypower.
Notuntil1960didTheodoreMaiman,a33-year-oldengineeratHughesResearchLaboratories,buildahomelyfour-inchcylindercontainingarubyrodencircledbyaflashtube:
theworld'
sfirstworkinglaser.
Morethantwodecadeslater,thelaserhaswroughtatechnologicalrevolution.Lasersareanindispensabletoolfordelicateeyesurgery,anddoctorsareusinglasersexperimentallytodestroycanceroustumors(肿瘤),unclog(使畅通)diseasedarteries(动脉)andeventreatherpes(疱疹).Justastheyprovidenewtoolsforhealthcare,however,theyalsomakepossiblenewenginesofdestruction:
recentlyDr.EdwardTeller,thefatherofthehydrogenbomb(氢弹),calledonPresidentReagontourgethattheUnitedStatesbuildaspace-basedlaser-weaponsystemthatwoulduseanuclearbombtofirebrutallyintenselaserX-raysagainstenemymissilesinflight.
TodaypilotsflyingthenewBoeing767and757aircraftnavigatewiththeaidofnewlasergyroscopes(陀螺仪).Supermarketclerksuselaserstoringuppricesatthecheckoutcounterby"
reading"
universalbar-codes(条形码)printedonpackagesandcannedgoods.Powerfullaserscutandweld(焊)steelinfactoriesfromDetroittoTokyo.Artistsandfilmmakersarebeginningtouselasersforanimation(动画):
atLucasfilm,GeorgeLucashasateamofcomputerwizards(奇才)developingamachinethatusesacomputer-drivenlasertodrawanimatedimagesonfilm;
asecondfilm,withhumanactors,isthenmergedbylaserwiththegraphicsintoasingleseamless(无缝的)whole.
Howdoesthelaserwork?
Anyonewhohaseverfocusedsunlightthroughamagnifyingglassandwatchedpaperordryleavessnapintoflamesunderstandsthepowerofconcentratedlight.Laserlightisintense,concentratedlight,too,butitworksonadifferentprinciple.Shinesunlightthroughaprism(棱镜)anditbreaksintothegloriouscolorsoftherainbow.Inthescientists'
vocabulary,sunlightis"
incoherent"
--itismadeupofamixofwavelengthsspanningthespectrum(光谱)frominfrared(红外线)toultraviolet(紫外线).Laserlight,ontheotherhand,ismonochromaticandcoherent-itshinesatasinglewavelength,andallthelightwavesmarchtogetherinsteplikesoldiersonparade(游行).
Inthetwodecadessinceitsinvention,thelaserhasundergoneadramatictransformation:
awidevarietyofgas,solid-state,diode(二极管)andotherlasershasbeencreated.Eachshinesatadifferentwavelength;
somepulseonandoff,othersoperatecontinuously.
Whenthelasermovedoutofthelaboratory,oneofitsfirstandmostsignificantapplicationswasasamedicaltool.Lasersarecommonlyusedfordelicatesurgeryinsidetheeye.Intreatingblood-vesseldisordersresultingfromcomplications(并发症)ofdiabetes(糖尿病),doctorsaimafinebeamofargonlaserlight(氩激光)throughthepupil(瞳孔)oftheeyeandplaceupto2000tinylaserburnsverycloselyaroundthebackportionoftheretina(视网膜).Theselaser"
welds"
preventharmfulgrowthorrupture(断裂)ofnew,unwantedbloodvessels.
Theverypropertiesthatmakelasersdangerous--powerandheat--arealsobeingputtousetodestroysomekindsofbrainandspinal(脊髓的)tumors.Lasershavebroughtanewfrontiertoneurosurgery(神经外科).Theyhavemadesomeinoperabletumorsoperableandhigh-risktumorslesshighrisk.
Warfareisalsochangingaslasertechnologyadvances.Laserguidancesystemshavebroughtonceunimaginableaccuracytoartillery(炮).Inthenearfuture,higher-intensitylasersmaybeusedtoblindtheelectronicsensorysystemsofaircraft,missiles,tanksandships.Andultimately,somevisionariesinsists,theglobecouldbesurroundedbyaplatoon(排)oforbitingbattlestationsarmedwithlaserscapableofdestroyingplanesandmissileswithinsecondsoftheirbeinglaunched.
Justastheyareopeningnewdoorstomedicineandmilitarypractices,lasersarealsohavingaprofoundimpactoncommunications.Insteadofsunbeams,today'
slight-wavecommunicationsystemsuselaserlightricochetingthroughtinyglassfibers.Lasersgeneratelightwavesatextraordinarilyhighfrequencies--intherangeoftrillionsofcyclespersecond--whichmakesitpossibletotransmitenormousquantitiesofinformation.Inaddition,fiber-opticcablesarecheaperthancopperwireandarenotsubjecttoelectromagneticinterference,ortheannoyingcrosstalk(串话)andstaticthatplague(折磨)currentsystems.Thebigbreakthroughwasthesemiconductorlaser.
Somedaylaserlightmaybepipedthroughgiantopticcablesintodeepoceanwaterstocreateunderseafarms;
itmaybebeamedintospacetotalktoorbitingspacestations.LasersalsomaybeusedtofireextremelypreciselightpulsesatDNAmolecules,alteringthestructureofchromosomes(染色体)andtherebyrepairingdefectivegenes--orevencreatingnewformsoflife.Andeventuallybillionsoflaserswilllinktheworldinavastinformationnetwork,aglobalvillageoflight.
1.Howdoesthelaserwork?
2.Whatisthedifferencebetweensunlightandthelaser?
3.Isthelaserabsolutelysafe?
Ifnot,pleaseexplain.
4.Whataretheadvantagesofthesemiconductorlaserinthecommunicationsfield?
5.Inwhatfieldsisthelaserapplied?
KEY:
1.Forthispurpose,itisnecessarytohaveagoodunderstandingofthefundamentalsofthecircuit.
2.Thiscoefficientremainstobedetermined.
3.Noneofthetextbookavailablementionsthispoint.
4.Sincefeedbackplaysanimportantroleintheelectroniccircuit,itsstudyisveryimportant.
5.Thereisanindicationthatthepriceofcomputerswillfallfurther.
6.Thismethoddoeswork,butitisnotclearinwhatconditionitisthatitshouldbeused.
7.Theoutputofthisfactory10yearsagois6timeswhatitisnow.
8.Anewtechnologyintroducedinthe1960s,lasercanpierceveryhardsubstances.
9.Forthetransistortoworknormally,itisnecessarytoapplyapropervoltageacrosstheelectrode.
10.Themagneticlinesofforcerepresentingthemagneticfieldaresomeconcentriccirclessurroundingthewire.
11.Whatiscalledarobotisatoolwhichcandoworkforthehumanbeing.
12.Thistypeofantennahastheadvantagesoverthatoneofsimplestructureandhighefficiency.
13.Semiconductorsaresensitivetolightandhear,bothofwhichhaveagreatimpactonconductivity.
14.Onlythroughastudyofthesystem’sperformanceisitpossibletoknowitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.
15.Thisbookdiscussesbothpracticaldesignmethodandtheoreticalproblemswithemphasisonthebasicconcept.
1.Itiseasytodeterminetheeffectofthenewdrugonthepatient.
2.Thedirectionoftheelectriccurrenthadbeendecidedbeforeelectronswerediscovered.
3.Soundtravelsmuchmoreslowlythatlightdoes.
4.Thisinstrumentisexpensive.
5.Thereareafewexceptionstothisrule.
6.Thehotterthebodyis,themoreenergyitradiates.
7.Thisdeviceissmallandlight.
8.Thatprofessorismuchinterestedinthistopic.
9.Oursemiconductorindustrycameintobeingattheendofthe1950s.
10.Boththeengineersarebusydesigninganewtypeofcomputer.
11.Workequalsforcemultipliedbydistance.
12.Thenewlydesignedinstrume