欧洲文化复习终结版Word文档下载推荐.docx

欧洲文化复习终结版Word文档下载推荐.docx

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herejectedallconventionsandadvocatedself-sufficientandextremesimplicityinlife.Heproclaimedhisbrotherhood,notonlywiththewholehumanrace,butalsowithanimals.Andhehasnopatientwiththerichandpowerful.

ThefirstandmostdirectCynicinfluenceisuponthefoundingofStoicism.Withinpoliticalphilosophy,theCynicscanbeseenasoriginatorsofanarchism.TheimpactofCynicismisalsofeltinChristian,Medieval,andRenaissancethough.Finally,themarkoftheCynicisfoundthroughoutthetextsofliteratureandphilosophy.

2.TheSceptics:

theScepticsfollowedPyrrhon,whoheldthatnotallknowledgewasattainable.Heandhisfollowersdoubtedthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.

Thespiritofdoubtinfluencemanylaterphilosophersandsictists,whichencouragethemtobecreativity,andpushestheflourishofthediversity

3.TheEpicureans:

theEpicureansweredispelsofEpicurus.Hewasamaterialistwhobelievedpleasuretobethehighestgoalinlife.Butbypleasure,hemeant,notsensualenjoyment,butfreedomfrompainandemotionalupheaval.Thishethoughtcouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.

Histeachingwasmisunderstoodbylaterpeopleandtheword”Epicurean”hascometomeanindulgenceinluxuriousliving.

4.TheStoics:

themostimportantthingfortheStoicswasnot“pleasure”,but“duty”.Thisdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.TherepresentativewasZeno.Hewasamaterialist,assertingtheexistenceoftherealworld.Hebelievednosuchthingaschance,andthatthecourseofnatureisrigidlydeterminedbynaturallaw.Inthelifeofanindividualman,virtueisthesolegoodanditresidesinthewill.

TheStoicphilosophyhaditsbiggestimpactonlaw,ethicsandpoliticalsciencethroughouttheworldandhistory.Italsocontributedmanysignificanttheoriesonknowledge,logicandnaturalphilosophy.

2Christianity

Itoriginatedinthe1stcentury,andfirmeditsrootsinthesecondcentury,waswidespreadinthethirdcentury,andbecametheofficialreligionofRomanEmpireinthe392AD.Inthefifthcentury,ChristianitywasquitepopularandChristianchurchwaswidespreadinthelatemiddleages.Themiddleageiscalled“theAgeofFaith”.Untilnow,Christianityisstillpopularinthewestworld.

ItwasfoundedbyJesus.Hetaughtthatmanshouldbelieveingodandloveeachotherasgod’schildren.Afterhedied,stpeterandstPaulbegantopreachintheMediterraneanregion.SaintPaultransformedaJewishsectintoanewreligionbuiltonthepersonalismanduniversalismimplicitintoteachingsofJesusforhumanity.

ItsteachingisthatChristiansshouldbelievethateverymanissin.TheyareallGod’schildrenandshouldsharebrotherlylove.GodhavebecomehumanandthesaviorofhumanityandJesusistheSonofGod.Hewassenttotheearthtosuffertosaveallthepeople.HewillsendinformationtopeoplewhicharecalledtheGospel.PeoplecancommunicatewithgodthroughJesusorreadingbible.

Christianityhasitsownappeal.

1TheChristianmessageofadivinesavior,aconcernedfather,andbrotherlyloveattractsmanypeople.

2ChristianityofferspeoplewhattheRomanEmpirecouldnot:

anintenselypersonalrelationshipwithgod,anintimateconnectionwithahigherworld,andmembershipinacommunityofthefaithful,

3Itstressestheintellectandself-reliance.Thepoor,theoppressed,andtheslaveswereattractedtothepersonality,death,andresurrectionofJesus,hisloveforall,andhisconcernforthesufferinghumanity.

Ithas5mainimpacts:

1.Christianityestablishedthebasicvalueofthewestworld.2.1tlaythefoundationofthewesternsystemofeducationandpolitic,especiallythedemocracypolitics.3ittransmitthetraditionalcultureandhelpedcultivatednewcivilization4ithelpseachofthewesternregionscommunicateandinteractwitheachother.5.ChristianityhasagreateffectonWesterncultureinliterature,music,architecture,paintingandscripture,whichcontributestothedevelopmentofwesternculturalrevivalandlaysthefoundationofRenaissanceinEurope.

3.Feudalism

FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding---asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.ItflourishedbetweentheninthandfifteenthcenturiesandCrusadeshelpedtobreakdownit.Itwasalsoasystemofgovernment---aformoflocalanddecentralizedgovernment.

Feudalismwasacomplicatedsystemofgovernment.TheKinggrantedtherighttogovernlargesectionsoflandasfiefstogreatlords,theselordsknownasvesselsinturnpromisedtofightfortheKing.Andtheythemselvesfurthergrantedpartsoftheirfiefstolesservassals.

Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.Theywerefoundedonthefiefsoflords.Everythingneededtolivewassuppliedonthemanors.Itwasself-sufficient.Bythe12thcentury,theycametobecalledcastles.Atthecentreofthemanorstoodthechurch,whichwasverypopularandhadagreatandpowerfulinfluenceonthefeudalsociety.

Almostallnobleswereknightsinthemedievaldays.Butnoonewasbornaknight---knighthoodhadtobeearnedandthetrainingwaslongandhard.Asaknight,hewaspledgedtoprotecttheweek,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth,thiswasknownascodeofchivalry.

Charlegnewasthemostimportantfigureinthisperiod.HekeptorderthroughouthisrealmandencouragedinterestintheChristianreligionandancientlearning.Theresultofhiseffortswascalled“CarolingianRenaissance”.

AlfredtheGreat,rulerofWessex,contributedgreatlytothemedievalEuropeanculture.Heintroducedteachersandscholars,foundnewmonasteries,promotedtranslationsintothevernacularfromLatinworksandinspiredthecompilationofAnglo-SaxonChronicles.

andRaphaelSantiwithhistheAlbaMadonna.ShakespearewasthemostfamousfigureofEnglishrenaissance.Hehasmanyfamousworkssuchas4tragedies.

TheRenaissancecreatedaculturewhichfreedmantodiscoverandenjoytheworldinawaynotpossibleunderthemedievalchurch’scontrol.Therenaissancemarksthebirthofmodernity.Anditbringsanewviewofhumannature.Italsobooststheflourishoftheliterature,artarchitecture,whichhasleftmanypreciousculturalheritagestous.

5.Reformation

Itwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocial-politicalmovement.ItsweptoverthewholeEuropeandwasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeauthorityoftheBible.

MartinLutherwastheimportantleaderofthereformation.ThestartingpointwasLuther’sattackin1517onthechurch’spracticeofsellingindulgences.ThefollowerswerecalledProtestants.HetranslatedtheBiblethathethoughtwasthesupremeauthorityandmanwastheonlyboundtotheGod’swordsnottheclergy’s.Hewasalsoafighterfordemocracyandnationalism,ahumanistwhohelpedbuildaneducationalsystemandhisGermantranslationofbiblehelpedfixedthestandardofthemodernGerman.

AnotherinfluentialfigurewastheEnglishking,Henry8,whoestablishedtheChurchofEnglandwiththekingratherthanthePopeasthehead.

Thereformationhasgreatinfluences.Itchallengedthemedievalchurchandshattereditscontroloverman.Itcontributedtotheshapingofmodernitybyfightingagainstpoliticalauthority,whichpromotedpoliticallibertyandtheideaofequality.Thusitcontributedtopavethewayforcapitalism.

Ithaschallengedthemedievalcultureeducation.Theygavewaytoimagination,creationandfreethinking.Scientificdiscoveriesandinventionspavedthewayforscientificrevolutionandprovidedthechancesforthecommunicationbetweendifferentcountries.

TheProtestantismcameintobeing.Theirthoughtsofindividualism:

selfassurance,individualethicshavegreatimpactonthelatermodernpoliticsandbusiness.

Calvinismstressedonhardworkandthrift,whichacceleratedtheproductionandtrade.

6.Enlightenment

ItwasanintellectualmovementstartedfromFrance,whichattractedwidespreadsupportamongtherulingandintellectualclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.

ItscharactersarethattheEuropeanwritersusedcriticalreasonstofreemindsfromprejudice,authorityandoppressionfromchurchorstate.Itiscalledtheageofreason.

Theenlightenmentinvolvedinmanyfields:

1Inthepoliticalarea,thethinkersregardedgovernmentasthepoliticalexpressionoflawandthelaworiginatedfromnature.

2Asregardtoreligion,theenlightenmentwassecular.Theyadvocatedthedeismwhichillustratedeverythingworkedaccordingtonaturallaws.

3Inartandliterature,theneo-classicismistheoutcomeofit.Itstressedonharmony,proportion,balance,andrestraint.

4ineconomicthought,therationalistsfavoredlaissez-fairepolicy.

Throughtheenlightenment,thereweremanyoutstandingEnglishliteraturessuchasJonathanswiftwithhisGulliver’sTravels,DanielDefoewithhisRobinsonCrusoe.

Enlightenmenthasgreateffectonpeople’sthinkingofreason,andphilosopherssoughttoanalyzenature,government,religion,andeconomythroughreasonsalone,whichpromotedthelaterdevelopmentofphilosoph