DisabilityWikipedia the free encyclopediaWord格式.docx

DisabilityWikipedia the free encyclopediaWord格式.docx

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dis"

qualifierdenotes）inhumansmaybephysical,cognitive/mental,sensory,emotional,developmentalorsomecombinationofthese.

Animpairmentisaprobleminbodyfunctionorstructure;

anactivitylimitationisadifficultyencounteredbyanindividualinexecutingataskoraction;

whileaparticipationrestrictionisaproblemexperiencedbyanindividualininvolvementinlifesituations.Thusdisabilityisacomplexphenomenon,reflectinganinteractionbetweenfeaturesofaperson’sbodyandfeaturesofthesocietyinwhichheorshelives."

[1]

Anindividualmayalsoqualifyasdisabledifhe/shehashadanimpairmentinthepastorisseenasdisabledbasedonapersonalorgroupstandardornorm.Suchimpairmentsmayincludephysical,sensory,andcognitiveordevelopmentaldisabilities.Mentaldisorders（alsoknownaspsychiatricorpsychosocialdisability）andvarioustypesofchronicdiseasemayalsoqualifyasdisabilities.

Someadvocatesobjecttodescribingcertainconditions（notablydeafnessandautism）as"

disabilities"

arguingthatitismoreappropriatetoconsiderthemdevelopmentaldifferencesthathavebeenunfairlystigmatizedbysociety.[citationneeded]

Adisabilitymayoccurduringaperson'

slifetimeormaybepresentfrombirth.

[edit]Typesofdisability

Disabilityiscausedbyimpairmentstovarioussubsystemsofthebody-thesecanbebroadlysortedintothefollowingcategories.

[edit]Physicaldisability

Mainarticle:

Physicaldisability

Anyimpairmentwhichlimitsthephysicalfunctionoflimbsorfineorgrossmotorabilityisaphysicaldisability.Otherphysicaldisabilitiesincludeimpairmentswhichlimitotherfacetsofdailyliving,suchasseveresleepapnea.

[edit]Sensorydisability

Sensorydisabilitiesrelatemainlytosightandhearing.Theinabilitytosmellortasteisrelativelyrarerandisnotalwaysconsidereredtobeadisability.Othersensoryimpairmentssuchasoftheskinsenses,thesensingoftouch,heat,coldorpainalsoexistandarecommonlyassociatedwithphysicaldisabilitiesinvolvingparalysis.

[edit]Visualimpairment

Visualimpairment

Visualimpairment（orvisionimpairment）isvisionloss（ofaperson）tosuchadegreeastoqualifyasanadditionalsupportneedthroughasignificantlimitationofvisualcapabilityresultingfromeitherdisease,trauma,orcongenitalordegenerativeconditionsthatcannotbecorrectedbyconventionalmeans,suchasrefractivecorrection,medication,orsurgery.[2][3][4]Thisfunctionallossofvisionistypicallydefinedtomanifestwith

1.bestcorrectedvisualacuityoflessthan20/60,orsignificantcentralfielddefect,

2.significantperipheralfielddefectincludinghomonymousorheteronymousbilateralvisual,fielddefectorgeneralizedcontractionorconstrictionoffield,or

3.reducedpeakcontrastsensitivitywitheitheroftheaboveconditions.[2][3][4][5]

[edit]Hearingimpairment

Hearingimpairment

Hearingimpairmentorhardofhearingordeafnessreferstoconditionsinwhichindividualsarefullyorpartiallyunabletodetectorperceiveatleastsomefrequenciesofsoundwhichcantypicallybeheardbymostpeople.Mildhearinglossmaysometimesnotbeconsideredadisability.

[edit]Olfactoryandgustatoryimpairment

Impairmentofthesenseofsmellandtastearecommonlyassociatedwithagingbutcanalsooccurinyoungerpeopleduetoawidevarietyofcauses.

Furtherinformation:

Olfaction#Disorders_of_olfaction

Thereareawidevarietyofolfactorydisorders:

∙Anosmia–inabilitytosmell

∙Dysosmia–thingssmelldifferentthantheyshould

∙Hyperosmia–anabnormallyacutesenseofsmell.

∙Hyposmia–decreasedabilitytosmell

∙OlfactoryReferenceSyndrome–psychologicaldisorderwhichcausesthepatienttoimaginehehasstrongbodyodor

∙Parosmia–thingssmellworsethantheyshould

∙Phantosmia–"

hallucinatedsmell,"

oftenunpleasantinnature

Taste#Disorders_of_taste

Completelossofthesenseoftasteisknownasageusia,whiledysgeusiaispersistentabnormalsenseoftaste,

[edit]Somatosensoryimpairment

Somatosensorydisorder

Insensitivitytostimulisuchastouch,heat,cold,andpainareoftenanadjuncttoamoregeneralphysicalimpairmentinvolvingneuralpathwaysandisverycommonlyassociatedwithparalysis（inwhichthemotorneuralcircuitsarealsoaffected）.

[edit]Balancedisorder

Balancedisorder

Abalancedisorderisadisturbancethatcausesanindividualtofeelunsteady,forexamplewhenstandingorwalking.Itmaybeaccompaniedbysymptomsofbeinggiddy,woozy,orhaveasensationofmovement,spinning,orfloating.Balanceistheresultofseveralbodysystemsworkingtogether.Theeyes（visualsystem）,ears（vestibularsystem）andthebody'

ssenseofwhereitisinspace（proprioception）needtobeintact.Thebrain,whichcompilesthisinformation,needstobefunctioningeffectively.

[edit]Intellectualdisability

Intellectualdisability

Intellectualdisabilityisabroadconceptthatrangesfrommentalretardationtocognitivedeficitstoomildortoospecific（asinspecificlearningdisability）toqualifyasmentalretardation.Intellectualdisabilitiesmayappearatanyage.Mentalretardationisasubtypeofintellectualdisability,andthetermintellectualdisabilityisnowpreferredbymanyadvocatesinmostEnglish-speakingcountriesasaeuphemismformentalretardation.

[edit]Mentalhealthandemotionaldisabilities

Mentaldisorder

Amentaldisorderormentalillnessisapsychologicalorbehavioralpatterngenerallyassociatedwithsubjectivedistressordisabilitythatoccursinanindividual,andwhicharenotapartofnormaldevelopmentorculture.Therecognitionandunderstandingofmentalhealthconditionshaschangedovertimeandacrosscultures,andtherearestillvariationsinthedefinition,assessment,andclassificationofmentaldisorders,althoughstandardguidelinecriteriaarewidelyaccepted.

[edit]Developmentaldisability

Developmentaldisability

Developmentaldisabilityisanydisabilitythatresultsinproblemswithgrowthanddevelopment.Althoughthetermisoftenusedasasynonymoreuphemismforintellectualdisability,thetermalsoencompassesmanycongenitalmedicalconditionsthathavenomentalorintellectualcomponents,forexamplespinabifida.

[edit]Sociologyofdisability

Disabilitystudies

[edit]"

Handicap"

Somepeoplewithdisabilitiesdonotliketheterm"

handicap"

becauseofabeliefthatitoriginallymeantsomeonewhocouldnotworkandwentbeggingwiththeircapinhand.This,howeverisnotthetrueoriginoftheword.Itoriginatedinalotterygameknownashand-in-capinthe17thcenturywhichinvolvedplayersplacingmoneyinacap.Itmovedlaterintohorseracingwhereitmeantbringingthestrongestcompetitorsbacktothefieldbygivingthemextraweighttocarry.Ingolf,itbecamethenumberofstrokesaplayercouldsubtractfromhisscoretogivehimachanceagainstbetterplayers,soabiggerhandicapisactuallyanadvantageingolf.Onlyin1915diditbecomeatermtodescribedisabledpeople,whenitwasusedtodescribecrippledchildren.[6]

[edit]People-firstlanguage

People-firstlanguage

TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationstyleguidestatesthat,whenidentifyingapersonwithanimpairment,theperson'

snameorpronounshouldcomefirst,anddescriptionsoftheimpairment/disabilityshouldbeusedsothattheimpairmentisidentified,butisnotmodifyingtheperson.Improperexamplesare"

aborderline"

"

ablindperson"

or"

anautisticboy"

;

moreacceptableterminologyincludes"

awomanwithDownsyndrome"

or"

amanwhohasschizophrenia"

.Italsostatesthataperson'

sadaptiveequipmentshouldbedescribedfunctionallyassomethingthatassistsaperson,notassomethingthatlimitsaperson,e.g."

awomanwhousesawheelchair"

ratherthan"

awomanin/confinedtoawheelchair."

Asimilarkindof"

people-first"

terminologyisalsousedintheUK,butmoreoftenintheform"

peoplewithimpairments"

（e.g."

peoplewithvisualimpairments"

）.However,intheUK,theterm"

disabledpeople"

isgenerallypreferredto"

peoplewithdisabilities"

.Itisarguedunderthesocialmodelthatwhilesomeone'

simpairment（e.g.havingaspinalcordinjury）isanindividualproperty,"

disability"

issomethingcreatedbyexternalsocietalfactorssuchasalackofwheelchairaccesstotheworkplace.[7]Thisdistinctionbetweentheindividualpropertyofimpairmentandthesocialpropertyofdisabilityiscentraltothesocialmodel.Theterm"

asapoliticalconstructionisalsowidelyusedbyinternationalorganisationsofdisabledpeople,suchasDisabledPeoples'

International（DPI）.

[edit]Literature

Manybooksondisabilityanddisabilityrightspointoutthat"

disabled"

isanidentitythatoneisnotnecessarilybornwith,asdisabilitiesaremoreoftenacquiredthancongenital.SomedisabilityrightsactivistsuseanacronymTAB,"

TemporarilyAble-Bodied"

asareminderthatmanypeoplewilldevelopdisabilitiesatsomepointintheirlivesduetoaccidents,illness（physical,mentaloremotional）,orlate-emergingeffectsofgenetics.[dubious–discuss][citationneeded]

[edit]Masculinity

AccordingtoauthorDanielJ.Wilson,thecharacteristicsofma