欧洲文化简明教程Classic Age Greek Culture and Roman CultureWord文档格式.docx

欧洲文化简明教程Classic Age Greek Culture and Roman CultureWord文档格式.docx

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Duringthisperiod,science,philosophy,literature,artandhistorywritingdevelopedquickly.Butwhenforeignthreatwasremoved,acivilwarbrokeoutbetweenAthensandSpartaattheendofthecentury.

Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C,oneoftheGreekstatescalledMacedonbecamemoreandmorepowerfulundertheleadershipofAlexandertheKingwhounifiedthewholeGreeceasQinshihuang（thefirstemperoroftheQinDynasty）unifiedthewholeChina.MacedonenjoyedlargeterritoriesincludingpartsofEurope,AsiaandAfrica.

Buthistoryisalwayslikesuchthatfallcomesafterrise.Nocountrycanavoidsuchafate.In146B.C.GreecewasconqueredbytheRomans.

2.Literature

1）Homer（荷马）

Homer

Homerlivedaround700B.C.Itissaidthathewasaslaveandblind.Itisconsideredthathewrotetwoepics，namely,theIliadandtheOdyssey.

TheIliaddealswiththewarbetweenTroyandtheunitedforcesofthestatesonthemainlandofsouthernGreece.

TheOdysseytellsthestoryaboutthereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanWartohiscountryIthaca.

2）LyricPoetry

Thefamouslyricpoetofthistimeisworthremembering.SheisSappho（萨福）.

Sappho（ca.612-580B.C.）,borninLesbos,isthemostimportantlyricpoetofancientGreeceandisfamousforherburninglovepoemsbecauseofwhichtheEnglishRomanticpoetGeorgeGordonLordByroncalledher“burningSappho”.PlatocalledherthetenthMuse.

3.Drama

Greekdramadevelopedquicklyandprosperouslyinthe5thcenturyB.C.basedonitsrichtradition.TheGreekdramahasthefollowingfeatures.First,mostearlyplayswereperformedatreligiousfestivals.Second,theplayswereperformedinopen-airtheaters.Third,actorsworemasks.Fourth,therewasabigchorusbutfewactors.

IntheGreekdramaduringthisperiod,tragedyisthemostnoteworthy.Theachievementsoftragedyaregreaterthanthoseofcomedy.Thetragediesmostlywroteaboutroyalfamilies,noblefamiliesandgreatheroes.Itgivestheimpressionthattheterm“tragedy”isappliedonlytohigh-bornpeople.Inthissense,sometragediesinChinesedramacannotusethistermbecausesometragediesinChinesedramatalkaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.

TheGreekdramahassomethingincommonwiththeancientChinesedramainwhichactorsworemasksanddramaticfaceswithdiversecolorsanddesignsassymbolsofcharacter.InSichuandrama,thedramaticfacesaremoremysteriousandinteresting.

A.Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯,525-456B.C.）

Aeschylus

B.Sophocles（索福克勒斯,496-406B.C.）

Sophocles

SophocleswroteOedipustheKing（《俄狄浦斯王》）

Sophoclesmadehiscontributiontotheartofdrama.Heusedthreeactorsanddecreasedthesizeandthefunctionofthechorus.Hemadethedramadevelopinthedirectionofperformingratherthannarratingbythechorus.

C.Euripides（欧里庇得斯,484-406B.C.）

Euripides

IncomparisonwithAeschylusandSophocles,Euripideswaslessinfluentialbutmorerealistic,alwaysconcernedwithconflicts,onaccountofwhichhewasreferredtoasthefirstplaywrightof“problemplays”.

D.ComedyandAristophanes（阿里斯托芬,ca.450-380B.C.）

Aristophanes

Comedyalsodevelopedquicklyinthe5thcenturyB.C.Butitwaslessbrilliantthantragedy.

ThebestcomedyplaywrightisAristophaneswholeft11playsamongwhichFrogs,Clouds,WaspsandBirdsareworthseeing.Aristophaneswasboldenoughtosatirizeevensomeofthefamouspeopleofhisday,includingSocratesandEuripidesrespectivelyinhisCloudsandFrogs.Hewasoftencriticizedforhisuseofcoarselanguageinhisplays.

4.History

1）Herodotus（希罗多德,484-430B.C.）

Herodotus

HerodotusisfamousforthewritingofwarsbetweentheGreeksandthePersians,becausehebelievedthat“thegreatandwonderfuldeedsdonebyGreeksandPersiansshouldnotlackrenown.”

Theremarkablefeaturesofhishistorywritingarehisapplicationofanecdotes,digressionsandlivelydialogue,Herodotus,thoughnotveryaccurate,astheforerunnerofhistorywriting,isthusoftencalled“FatherofHistory”.

5.Philosophy

TheGreekpeople’scuriosityaboutthingsandthenatureofthemcultivatedtheirenquiringmindtosearch,doubt,speculate,imagineandformnewideas.Imaginationisnotscience,butitisthefoundationofscienceandbaseofphilosophy.SotheGreekscreatedtheirmythologiesandformedtheirideasabouttheuniverseanditsoperation.

1）Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯,ca.580-500B.C.）

Pythagoras

Pythagoras,founderofscientificmathematics,isoneoftheearlyphilosopherswhoboldlythoughtabouttheuniverse.Inhiseyes,onlynumbersspokeandallthingsintheworldwerenumbers.Heusednumberstounderstandtheworldandtheuniverse

2）Socrates（苏格拉底,ca.470-399B.C.）

Socrates

SocratesisoftenmentionedtogetherwithPlatoandAristotlewheneverpeopletalkabouttheancientGreekphilosophyandthinking.SocratestaughtPlato.PlatotaughtAristotle.Theywereallgreatmastersinthefieldofphilosophy.Intermsofteachingmethodology,itisSocrateswhoinventedtheteachingmethodofinterrogativeandinteractiveapproachinthesamemannerasConfuciusdidwhenhetaughthisdisciples.

3）Plato（柏拉图,ca.428-348B.C.）

Plato

Plato,asthediscipleofSocrates,madehisgreatestcontributiontotheworldinwritingTheDialogues,acollectionofSocrates’lifeandideas,liketheAnalectsinwhichConfucius’teachingandhisdialogueswithhisdiscipleswererecorded.

4）Aristotle（亚里士多德,384-322B.C.）

Aristotle

ToAthens,Aristotlewasaforeigner,whowasborninStagire.HewasPlato’sdisciple,buthewasmoreversatileinthathetaughtandwroteaboutlogic,ethics,politics,metaphysics,psychology,physics,zoology,poetryandrhetoric.Mostofhisideasontheabove-mentionedfieldsdominatedtheworldcultureforoverathousandyears.SoitisnotoverstatementtosaythatAristotleisthe“fatherofscienceorknowledge”.

5.Science

BesidesmanypeoplewhowerebothphilosophersandscientistslikePythagoras,Democritus,PlatoandAristotle,twoothermenwereworthmentioning.OnewasEuclid（欧几里德,330-275B.C.）,whowas,notedforhisElements（《解析几何》）,calledthefatherofgeometry.TheotherwasArchimedes（阿基米德,287-212B.C.）.

6.Art,Architecture,SculptureandPottery

1）Art

GreekartisthewitnessofGreekcivilization,becauseitreflectedtheGreekcivilizationinmanyfieldsincludingscience,literature,philosophy,mythologyandwhatevertheGreekpeopleadmiredandworshipped.ItrecordedtheprogressoftheGreekcivilizationintheformofart.

2）Architecture

ItisalwaysawondertoseetheancientGreekstohavebuiltsomanymiraculousbuildingsattheearlytimeswhenconstructionmachinerywasunder-developed.Parthenon（巴特浓神庙）wasoneofthebrilliantexamples.Itwasbuiltin438B.C.Itwasatemple240feetlongand110feetwide,withmanyspectacularcolumnsevenlyspaced.

Parthenoninthetwilight

Parthenonatdaytime

TherewerethreestylesofGreekarchitecture,namely,theDoricstyle（多力克式）,theIonicstyle（挨奥尼克式）andtheCorinthianstyle（科林斯式）.

ThefollowingpictureistheAcropolisatAthens（雅典卫城）whichwasbuiltinthe5thcenturyB.C.forthepurposeofpraisingAthensandholdingreligiousactivities.

TheAcropolisatAthens

3）Sculpture

TheancientGreeksculptureswereallconnectedwithgodsorgoddesseswhowerepresentedaslifelessfigures.Sculpturedevelopedquicklyinthe5thcenturyB.C.thesculpturebegantoshowbeautyandstrengthofthepeopleorthingssculptured.

A.DiscusThrower（铁饼运动员;

掷铁饼者）

TheDiscusThrowerwastheworkofMyron（米隆，dateofbirthunknown,butactive480-440B.C.）.Thesculptureshowsthesculptor’sskillinpresentingthethrower’sbeauty,strengthandbalance.Asaduplicateoftheformerbronzestatue,thisstatuemadeofmarblecanclearlydisplayeventhemusclesandribsofthehandsomeyoungman.

DiscusThrower

4）Pottery

Pottery,unlikesculptures,wascloselyconnectedwithdailyneedsinlifeathomeandabroad.

ThereweremainlyBlack-figurepaintings（700-600B.C.）andRed-figurepaintings（—50B.C.）.

TheBlack-figurepaintingsarepaintingsonpotterywithredbackgroundandblackfigure.Thered-figurepaintingsarepaintingsonpotterywithblackbackgroundandpinkfigure.

7.InfluenceandContribution

TheinfluenceofGreekculturecanbefeltinmanywaysandfields.TheancientGreekculturemadeitsgreatestcontributiontotheworldculture,especiallyintheRenaissanceinEurope.TheancientGreeksmadetheirnever-dyingcontributiontothewholeworldwiththeirinventionofmathematics,philosophy,historywritingandotherthings.Theymadetheutmostachievementsinallwalksoflife.

TheGreeks’spiritofinnovationorinventionandtheirefforttounderstandtheworldwithdaringspiritsetagoodexampleforthewholeworld.

Inliterature,theGreeksheavilyinfluencedthelaterwritersofmanycountriesatalltimes.ManyoftheGreekworksarestudied,q