主谓一致.docx
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主谓一致
一致关系
一、主谓一致
在现代英语中主谓一致基本遵循如下原则:
语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。
语法一致原则就是根据主语的语法形式决定其谓语动词的语法形式。
例如:
Mydaughterwatchestelevisionaftersupper.
Mydaughterswatchtelevisionaftersupper.
Aletterhasbeensenttoeverystudent.
Twolettershavebeensenttoeverystudents.
Totreattheminthatwayisunfair.
Smokingcigarettesisdangeroustoyourhealth.
意义一致原则指主谓之间的一致关系不是由主语的语法形式来决定,而是由主谓所表达的意义来决定。
形式是单数的主语,其谓语有可能是复数形式;反之,形式是复数的主语,其谓语有可能是单数。
例如:
Thegovernmenthavebrokenalltheirpromises.
Theclassaredoingexperimentsonheatandlight.
Thecouncilareoftwoopinions.
TheUnitedStatesisacountryadvancedinscienceandtechnology.
TendollarsisallIhaveleft.
Twothirdsoftheareaisunderwater.
就近原则,指谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致。
例如:
Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperinthedrawer.
NeithershenorIamwet.
Eitheryouorhewasinthewrong.
上述三条原则的具体应用则比较复杂,下列几点应予以注意:
1.谓语动词单数的情况
(1)不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Tobecomeactressesistheirambition.
Noddingoftenmeansyousay“yes”.
WhatIdidwasgiveherabook.
(2)事件、国名、机构名称、作品名称用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
TheUnitedStatesisacountryadvancedinscienceandtechnology.
TheUnitedNationswasformedin1945.
TheThirty-NineStepsisaninterestingnovel.
(3)One,every,everyone,everybody,each,oneof,manya,either,neither,noonenobody,anyone,someone,somebody用作主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Manyastudentdoesn’tlikehavingtodotheirhomework.
Oneoftheteachersisabsenttoday.
Everyboyandgirlistreatedinthesameway.
Neitherofthetwogirlsisathome.
(4)表示时间、距离、金钱、体积、数字等的词语用作主语表示总量时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Fifteenyearsrepresentsalongperiodofhislife.
Onehundredmilesistoofartotravelonfoot.
Tenthousanddollarsisalargesumofmoney.
(5)单数词作主语,虽然后接由including,aswellas,togetherwith,inadditionto,accompaniedby等词连接的其它词,谓语动词仍用单数。
例如:
Gold,aswellassilver,hasrecentlyriseninprice.
Thefactory,withallitsequipment,hasbeenburned.
(6)Aportionof,aseriesof,akindof等词语修饰主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用单数。
例如:
Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelaboratoryuse.
2.谓语动词复数的情况
(1)both,some,few,many,several等词语修饰主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。
例如:
BothofthemhavegonetoShanghaionbusiness.
Fewofmyclassmatesreallyunderstandme.
Severalstudentswerelateforschoolyesterday.
(2)形容词前加定冠词泛指时,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
Inmanywesternfilms,thegoodarewellrewardedandthebadarepunished.
3.其他情况
(1)由and连接两个主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。
例如:
Yourproblemandminearesimilar.
Thesecretaryandtheheadmasteroftheschoolwerepresentatthemeeting.
但当and连接的词语作整体考虑,或在意义上指同一个人或物时,谓语动词一般用单数。
例如:
Breadandbutterismyfavoritebreakfast.
Thesecretaryandtheheadmasteroftheschoolwaspresentatthemeeting.
当由and连接的两个单数名词前面有each,every等词修饰时,谓语动词一般用单数。
例如:
Eachactorandactresswasinvited.
一个单数名词前有由and连接的两个形容词修饰时,谓语动词一般用复数。
例如:
ChineseandJapanesesilkaregoodquality.
(2)当or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly..butalso连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时,谓语动词的数取决于它邻近的主语的数。
例如:
Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.
Neitherthequalitynorthepriceshavechanged.
(3)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数常取决于主语的意义。
当主语表示整体时,谓语动词用单数;当主语强调集体中的个体时,谓语动词用复数。
Thefamilyisthebasicunitofthesociety
ThefamilyhaveagreedamongthemselvestospendtheirvacationinItaly.
这些集体名词有:
people,army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,party,police,public,staff,team等,其中people,cattle,police常用复数。
(4)一些表示数量的词语:
如alotof,anyof,mostof,halfof,two-thirdsof,ninetypercentof,partof,therestof,someof,noneof,allof与名词连用时,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数。
名词用单数,谓语动词也用单数,名词用复数,谓语动词也用复数。
例如:
AlotoftheequipmentwasmadeinChina.
Alotofmyfriendsareheretocelebratemybirthday.
Mostofthebookisinteresting.
Mostofthebooksareinformativethoughalittledull.
注意当anumberof修饰主语时,谓语动词用复数,而当thenumberof与名词连用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Anumberofstudentswerelateforschoolowingtothestorm.
Thenumberoferrorswassurprising
二、代词一致
代词一致是指句子中代词应在数、性、人称等方面保持一致,或代词和它所指代的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。
例如:
Thecityisproudofitsparks.
Thenursepickedupthebabyandhandedittoitsmother.
1.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数。
例如:
GeorgeandJohnsatdownwiththeircoatson.
2.由or,either…or,neither..nor,notonly…butalso连接的先行词如果在数和性上是一致的,就用其相应的代词;如果先行词在数和性上不一致,代词可与邻近的先行词保持一致,在正式文体中也可用两个不同代词。
例如:
NeitherMarynorAlicehadherkeywithher.
Neithertheparcelnorthelettershadreachedtheirdestination.
NotonlyTombutalsoIcandomyworkwell.
IfeitherDavidorJanetcomes,heorshewillwantadrink.
3.当each,everyone,everybody,noone,none,nobody,anybody,anyone,someone,somebody用作主语或主语限定词时,其相应的代词一般用单数形式。
例如:
Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.
Nobodywantstogothere,dothey?
在非正式语体中,也可以根据意义一致原则用复数代词。
例如:
Noneoftheseworkerscandoit,can’tthey?
4.当everything,anything,something,nothing等用作主语时,句中相应的代词一般只按照语法一致的原则,用单数形式。
例如:
Anythingonthedeskcanbethrownaway,can’tit?
Everythingisready,isn’tit?
5.集体名词作先行词时,如果集体名词指整体,用单数代词;如果指集体中的个体,则用复数代词。
例如:
Myfamilyislarge.Itiscomposedofninemembers.
Myfamilyarelovingandsupportive.Theyarealwaysreadytohelpme.
GrammarExcercises
I.Tickthecorrectformofeachverbinthebracketsineachofthefollowingsentences.
1.Everyoneofmybrothers(has,have)browneyes.
2.George,togetherwithhisfamily,(is,are)flyingtoNewYork.
3.Her(is,are)thedocumentsyouaskedfor.
4.There(seems,seem)tobeseveralpeopleintheroom.
5.Someofthemoney(is,are)missing.
6.Mostofthefruitcrop(was,were)destroyedbytheheavysnow.
7.Halfofthestudentsintheclass(ia,are)fromtheNorth.
8.Theaudience(was,were)returningtotheirseats.
9.Twothousandmiles(is,are)toofarforustotraveloverashortvacation.
10.Theoldinourcountry(is,are)caredforbytheirgrown-upchildren.
11.Onehundredandsixtypounds(is,are)whatyoushouldweigh.
12.Thi9sisanimportantdecisionthat(is,are)changingtheeducationalsysteminourcountry.
13.Janeisoneofthepeoplewho(is,are)willingtohelpothers.
14.ItisIwho(am,is)wrong.
15.Youaretheonewho(is,are)wrong.
16.Thisisoneofthebeststoriesthat(has,have)everbeenpublished.
17.Allofthework(has,have)beenfinished.
18.GeneralMotors(is,are)ahugecompany.
19.Neithertheteachernorthestudents(has,have)enoughtime.
20.WhatIsaw(was.were)twomenattackingapoliceman.
21.Theteam(is,are)tryingonthenewboots.
22.Lawandorder(has,have)beenrestoredinthatregeon.
23.Anumberofstudents(speaks,speak)Englishwell.
24.Thenumberofthefeiluresintheexamination(is,are)surprisinglylarge.
25.MyfriendandclassmatePaul(race,races)motorcyclesinhissparetime.
26.Scatteredoverthefloor(was,were)theremainsoftheevening’sfeast.
27.Fewmembersoftheparty(approve,approves)thecommittee’sappointment.
28.Whattheyweretalkingabout(was,were)notatallclear.
29.TheDailyNews(says,say)it’sgoingtorain.
30.Neitherthehighpaynorthebenefits(appeal,appeals)totheworkers.
31.Oneorperhapsmorepages(is,are)missing.
32.Everymanandwoman(is,are)givenspecialtraining.
33.Thewindowsoftheshop(is,are)anythingbutclean.
34.ThePresidentandPartyLeader(was,were)killedintheaccident.
35.Thesmallestoftheboys(is,are)cleverestinclass.
36.Thepresident,accompaniedbyhisadvisors(has,have)arrived.
37.Neithershenorthey(is,are)readytogohome.
38.Manyawriterofnewspaperarticles(has,have)turnedtowritingnovels
39.Neitherofthechairs(is,are)verycomfortable.
40.Myfavoritefruit(is,are)grapes.
41.Themob(is,are)pickingupwhatevertheycouldlayhandson.
42.I,who(is,am)wrong,havenothingtosay.
43.Howmuch(is,are)thosebooks?
44.There(is,are)acrowdatthesceneoftheaccident.
45.Theaudience(is,are)unusuallysmall.
46.Thecommittee(has,have)beenarguingamongthemselvesforhours.
47.Allbuthimandme(is,are)goingtothecinema.
48.Thepolice(has,have)receivedorderstostandby.
49.Aseriesofaccidents(has,have)occurredinQueensway.
50.Ahalftruth(is,are)oftennobetterthanalie.
II.Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingsentenceswithapropriatepronoun.
1.Inalargecityastrangerfeltlostifhadgrownupinasmalltown.
2.IsuspecteachofushastriedbesttolearnEnglishwell.
3.Therestofthelecturesomehowlostpoint.
4.Theteamisplayinglasthomegamethisyear.
5.NeitherJanenorJanethadIDCardwith.
6.Thecommitteewishtoreconsiderdecision.
7.Thoseofuswhohaveafamilyhistoryofheartdiseaseshouldmakeayearlyappointmentwithdoctors.
8.Thegroupofstudentsdonotagreeonmethods,butuniteonbasicaims.
9.Nobodyinapositionofauthorityhadgivenapprovalofthebill.
10.Therestoftheemployeeswillreceivepaycheckwhenthenewfundsarrive.