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Citations:
347U.S.483(seemore...);
74S.Ct.686;
98L.Ed.873;
1954U.S.LEXIS2094;
53OhioOp.326;
38A.L.R.2d1180
Priorhistory:
Judgmentfordefendants,98F.Supp.797(D.Kan.1951)
Subsequenthistory:
Judgmentonrelief,349U.S.294(1955)(BrownII);
onremand,139F.Supp.468(D.Kan.1955);
motiontointervenegranted,84F.R.D.383(D.Kan.1979);
judgmentfordefendants,671F.Supp.1290(D.Kan.1987);
reversed,892F.2d851(10thCir.1989);
vacated,503U.S.978(1992)(BrownIII);
judgmentreinstated,978F.2d585(10thCir.1992);
judgmentfordefendants,56F.Supp.2d1212(D.Kan.1999)
Holding
SegregationofstudentsinpublicschoolsviolatestheEqualProtectionClauseoftheFourteenthAmendment,becauseseparatefacilitiesareinherentlyunequal.DistrictCourtofKansasreversed.
Courtmembership
ChiefJustice:
EarlWarren
AssociateJustices:
HugoBlack,StanleyFormanReed,FelixFrankfurter,WilliamO.Douglas,RobertH.Jackson,HaroldHitzBurton,TomC.Clark,ShermanMinton
Caseopinions
Majorityby:
Warren
Joinedby:
Unanimous
Lawsapplied
U.S.Const.amend.XIV
EducationalseparationintheUSpriortoBrown
Brownv.BoardofEducationofTopeka,347U.S.483(1954),[1]wasalandmarkdecisionoftheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt,whichoverturnedearlierrulingsgoingbacktoPlessyv.Fergusonin1896,bydeclaringthatstatelawsthatestablishedseparatepublicschoolsforblackandwhitestudentsdeniedblackchildrenequaleducationalopportunities.HandeddownonMay17,1954,theWarrenCourt'
sunanimous(9-0)decisionstatedthat"
separateeducationalfacilitiesareinherentlyunequal."
Asaresult,dejureracialsegregationwasruledaviolationoftheEqualProtectionClauseoftheFourteenthAmendmentoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.Thisvictorypavedthewayforintegrationandthecivilrightsmovement.[2]
Background
MuchoftheninetyyearsprecedingtheBrowncase,racerelationsintheU.S.hadbeendominatedbyracialsegregation.Thispolicyhadbeenendorsedin1896bytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtcaseofPlessyv.Ferguson,whichheldthataslongastheseparatefacilitiesfortheseparateraceswere"
equal,"
thesegregationdidnotviolatetheFourteenthAmendment("
nostateshall...denytoanyperson...theequalprotectionofthelaws."
)
TheplaintiffsinBrownassertedthatthissystemofracialseparation,whilemasqueradingasprovidingseparatebutrelativelyequaltreatmentofbothwhiteandblackAmericans,insteadperpetuatedinferioraccommodations,services,andtreatmentforblackAmericans.Racialsegregationineducationvariedwidelyfromthe17statesthatrequiredracialsegregationtothe16thatprohibitedit.BrownwasinfluencedbyUNESCO'
s1950Statement,signedbyawidevarietyofinternationally-renownedscholars,titledTheRaceQuestion.[3]Thisdeclarationdenouncedpreviousattemptsatscientificallyjustifyingracismaswellasmorallycondemningracism.AnotherworkthattheSupremeCourtcitedwasGunnarMyrdal'
sAnAmericanDilemma:
TheNegroProblemandModernDemocracy(1944).MyrdalhadbeenasignatoryoftheUNESCOdeclaration.TheresearchperformedbytheeducationalpsychologistsKennethB.ClarkandMamiePhippsClarkalsoinfluencedtheCourt'
sdecision.[4]TheClark'
s"
dolltest"
studiespresentedsubstantialargumentstotheSupremeCourtabouthowsegregationhadanimpactonblackschoolchildren'
smentalstatus.[5]
In1951,aclassactionsuitwasfiledagainsttheBoardofEducationoftheCityofTopeka,KansasintheU.S.DistrictCourtfortheDistrictofKansas.TheplaintiffswerethirteenTopekaparentsonbehalfoftheirtwentychildren.[6]
Thesuitcalledfortheschooldistricttoreverseitspolicyofracialsegregation.SeparateelementaryschoolswereoperatedbytheTopekaBoardofEducationunderan1879Kansaslaw,whichpermitted(butdidnotrequire)districtstomaintainseparateelementaryschoolfacilitiesforblackandwhitestudentsintwelvecommunitieswithpopulationsover15,000.TheplaintiffshadbeenrecruitedbytheleadershipoftheTopekaNAACP.NotableamongtheTopekaNAACPleaderswerethechairmanMcKinleyBurnett;
CharlesScott,oneofthreeservingaslegalcounselforthechapter;
andLucindaTodd.
Thenamedplaintiff,OliverL.Brown,wasaparent,awelderintheshopsoftheSantaFeRailroad,anassistantpastorathislocalchurch,andanAfricanAmerican.[7]HewasconvincedtojointhelawsuitbyScott,achildhoodfriend.Brown'
sdaughterLinda,athirdgrader,hadtowalksixblockstoherschoolbusstoptoridetoMonroeElementary,hersegregatedblackschoolonemile(1.6km)away,whileSumnerElementary,awhiteschool,wassevenblocksfromherhouse.[8][9]
AsdirectedbytheNAACPleadership,theparentseachattemptedtoenrolltheirchildrenintheclosestneighborhoodschoolinthefallof1951.Theywereeachrefusedenrollmentanddirectedtothesegregatedschools.LindaBrownThompsonlaterrecalledtheexperienceina2004PBSdocumentary:
.
.well.likeIsay,welivedinanintegratedneighborhoodandIhadalloftheseplaymatesofdifferentnationalities.AndsowhenIfoundoutthatdaythatImightbeabletogototheirschool,Iwasjustthrilled,youknow.AndIrememberwalkingovertoSumnerschoolwithmydadthatdayandgoingupthestepsoftheschoolandtheschoollookedsobigtoasmallerchild.AndIremembergoinginsideandmydadspokewithsomeoneandthenhewentintotheinnerofficewiththeprincipalandtheyleftmeout.
.tositoutsidewiththesecretary.Andwhilehewasintheinneroffice,Icouldhearvoicesandhearhisvoiceraised,youknow,astheconversationwenton.Andthenheimmediatelycameoutoftheoffice,tookmebythehandandwewalkedhomefromtheschool.Ijustcouldn'
tunderstandwhatwashappeningbecauseIwassosurethatIwasgoingtogotoschoolwithMonaandGuinevere,Wanda,andallofmyplaymates.[10]
TheKansascase,"
OliverBrownetalv.TheBoardofEducationofTopeka,Kansas,"
wasnamedafterOliverBrownasalegalstrategytohaveamanattheheadoftheroster.Also,itwasfeltbylawyerswiththeNationalChapteroftheNAACP,thathavingMr.BrownattheheadoftherosterwouldbebetterreceivedbytheU.S.SupremeCourtJusticesbecauseMr.Brownhadanintact,completefamily,asopposedtosomeonewhowasasingleparentheadofhousehold[citationneeded].Thethirteenplaintiffswere:
OliverBrown,DarleneBrown,LenaCarper,SadieEmmanuel,MargueriteEmerson,ShirleyFleming,ZelmaHenderson,ShirleyHodison,MaudeLawton,AlmaLewis,IonaRichardson,andLucindaTodd.[11][12]Thelastsurvivingplaintiff,ZelmaHenderson,diedinTopeka,onMay20,2008,attheageof88.[13][14]
TheDistrictCourtruledinfavoroftheBoardofEducation,citingtheU.S.SupremeCourtprecedentsetinPlessyv.Ferguson,163U.S.537(1896),whichhadupheldastatelawrequiring"
separatebutequal"
segregatedfacilitiesforblacksandwhitesinrailwaycars.[15]Thethree-judgeDistrictCourtfoundthatsegregationinpubliceducationhasadetrimentaleffectuponnegrochildren,butdeniedreliefonthegroundthatthenegroandwhiteschoolsinTopekaweresubstantiallyequalwithrespecttobuildings,transportation,curricular,andeducationalqualificationsofteachers.[16]
GeorgeE.C.Hayes,ThurgoodMarshall,andJamesNabrit,congratulatingeachother,followingSupremeCourtdecisiondeclaringsegregationunconstitutional
SupremeCourtreview
ThecaseofBrownv.BoardofEducationasheardbeforetheSupremeCourtcombinedfivecases:
Brownitself,Briggsv.Elliott(filedinSouthCarolina),Davisv.CountySchoolBoardofPrinceEdwardCounty(filedinVirginia),Gebhartv.Belton(filedinDelaware),andBollingv.Sharpe(filedinWashingtonD.C.).
AllwereNAACP-sponsoredcases.TheDaviscase,theonlycaseofthefiveoriginatingfromastudentprotest,beganwhensixteen-year-oldBarbaraRoseJohnsorganizedandleda450-studentwalkoutofMotonHighSchool.[17]
TheKansascasewasuniqueamongthegroupinthattherewasnocontentionofgrossinferiorityofthesegregatedschools'
physicalplant,curriculum,orstaff.Thedistrictcourtfoundsubstantialequalityastoallsuchfactors.TheDelawarecasewasuniqueinthattheDistrictCourtjudgeinGebhartorderedthattheblackstudentsbeadmittedtothewhitehighschoolduetothesubstantialharmofsegregationandthedifferencesthatmadetheschoolsseparatebutnotequal.TheNAACP'
schiefcounsel,ThurgoodMarshall—whowaslaterappointedtotheU.S.SupremeCourtin1967—arguedthecasebeforetheSupremeCourtfortheplaintiffs.AssistantattorneygeneralPaulWilson—laterdistinguishedemeritusprofessoroflawattheUniversityofKansas—conductedthestate'
sambivalentdefenseinhisfirstappellatetrial.
Localoutcomes
TheTopekamiddleschoolshadbeenintegratedsince1941.TopekaHighSchoolwasintegratedfromitsinceptionin1871anditssportsteamsfrom1949on.[18]TheKansaslawpermittingsegregatedschoolsallowedthemonly"
belowthehighschoollevel."
[19]
Soonafterthedistrictcourtdecision,electionoutcomesandthepoliticalclimateinTopekachanged.TheBoardofEducationofTopekabegantoendsegregationintheTopekaelementaryschoolsinAugust1953,integratingtwoattendancedistricts.AlltheTopekaelementaryschoolswerechangedto