英美国家概括 名词解释 英国部分文档格式.docx

英美国家概括 名词解释 英国部分文档格式.docx

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3.Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊

TheyweretwogroupsofGermanic日耳曼peopleswhosettleddowninEnglandfromthe5thcentury.TheywereregardedastheancestorsoftheEnglishandthefoundersofEngland.

4.KingArthur亚瑟国王，6世纪时英格兰统治者，圆桌骑士的领袖，有关他的传说很多。

ItissaidthathewastheKingofEnglandinthe5thcenturyandunitedtheBritishanddrovetheSaxonsbackwithhismagicalsword,Excalibur.Hisrealexistenceisindoubt.Heisthecentralfigureofmanylegends.

5.KingHarold哈罗德国王，英格兰最后一位撒克逊民族的国王，1066年诺曼底法国入侵英格兰时，在关键的Hastings战斗中被杀。

从此英格兰被征服，诺曼底统治者当了英国国王，即威廉一世。

HewastheSaxonKingwhosearmywasdefeatedintheBattleofHastingsin1066,whenWilliamtheConquerorinvadedEnglandfromFrance.

Unit2

1.TheEasterRising复活节起义。

1916年复活节清晨（4月26日，星期一）“爱尔兰共和兄弟”和共和军的战士们在帕尔斯和康纳利领导下，发动了一次反英的武装起义，占领了都伯林总邮局，宣布成立爱尔兰共和国。

但是，由于时机不成熟和筹划不周，五天后就被镇压下去了。

16名领导人被处死，160人受到军事审判，122人被判处有期徒刑。

Inordertogainindependence,differentIrishgroupshadbeenfightingagainsttheBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces.OnesuchactivitywastheEasterRisingwhichtookplacein1916.Therebels造反者，反叛者occupiedDublin’sPostOfficeandforcedtheBritishtotakeitbackbymilitaryforce.TheleadersoftherebellionwereexecutedbytheBritishauthorities.

2.TheProvisionalIRA爱尔兰共和军的“临时派”，主张使用暴力，坚持“不承认、不参加现政府机构”的政策，但也未完全放弃政治斗争。

In1919,agroupcallingitselftheIRA（IrishRepublicArmy）expendedfightingforIrishfreedomandindependence.TheProvisionalIRAistheradicalfaction基本的派别oftheIRA.TheyprefertheuseofforceandbelievethatarmedforceistheonlywaytogettheBritishoutandtohaveaunifiedIreland.

3.SinnFein新芬党，北爱政党之一，成立于1905年，该党主张英国政府从北爱撤走，使南北统一。

该党的宗旨是确保国际上承认爱尔兰是一个独立的共和国国家。

1970年分裂为“正式派”和“临时派”。

SinnFeinisalegalpoliticalpartyinNorthernIrelandwhichsupportstheIRAtofightfortheunionofIreland.TheleadersofSinnFeinpreferunionwithIrelandbyatwincampaign运动，战役，竞选活动,bothmilitaryandpoliticalwhichtheycallthepolicyof“theBulletandtheBallotBox”暴力和民主手段，他们主张用政治或军事手段解决爱尔兰的统一.ItbelievesthatwithouttheparticipationofSinnFeinthepoliticalproblemofNorthernIrelandcannotbethoroughlysolved.

4.HomeRule自治法案。

1912年在下议院提出自治法案，遇到北爱尔兰统一派和保守党的强烈反对。

该法案搁置至1914年才被乔治五世国王签署成为法律。

由于第一次世界大战爆发，北爱尔兰自治问题未觉，随后发生了1916年复活节起义，改变了南爱公众的看法，南爱不接受北爱自治法案。

Irelandhadlongbeendominated统治byBritain,butIrishdesireforanindependentIrishstatewasneverlost.“HomeRule”referstoacampaignforIrishcontrolofIrishaffairs.TheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertaken压倒，搁置bytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.

5.TheGoodFridayAgreement《北爱和平协议》。

1998年4月10日在美国参议员乔治·

米歇尔的斡旋下，英爱两国政府与参加北爱多党谈判的各党派之间达成的和平协议。

该协议于1998年5月22日在北爱和爱尔兰全民公决中获得通过。

该协议规定只有在北爱大多数人赞同的情况下才能改变北爱目前的政治地位。

目前北爱由爱尔兰政府，英国政府及北爱执行委员会三方共同参与管理。

GoodFriday是每年复活节礼拜天前一周的周五。

Asaresultofmulti-partynegotiations,theGoodFridayAgreementwasapprovedon10April1998.Thisagreementassurestheloyalist亲英派community共同体，公众thatNorthernIrelandremains保持，仍是partoftheUnitedKingdomanditwon’tchangeitspoliticalstatusunlessthemajorityofthepeopleofNorthernIrelandagree.Undertheterms条款oftheagreement,NorthernIrelandshouldbegovernedbythreeseparatejurisdictions管辖权:

thatofRepublicofIreland,thatofGreatBritainandthatofitsownelectedexecutive行政上的，行政部门的governmentoftenminister执行者，部长，大臣.

Unit3TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom

1.TheBillofRightsof1689《权利法案》，英国议会通过的限制国王权力，确立英国君主立宪制的宪法性文件。

In1689,KingJamesII’sdaughterandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythepoliticiansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespecttherightsofParliament.TheBillofRightswaspassedin1689toensurethattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.

2.TheConstitution

BritainhasnowrittenConstitution.ThefoundationsoftheBritishstatearelaidoutinstatuelaw成文法,whicharelawspassedbyParliament;

thecommonlaws普通法，判例法,whicharelawsestablishedthroughcommonpracticeinthecourts;

andconventions习惯法.

3.ThefunctionsofParliament

ThefunctionsofParliamentare:

topasslaws,tovotefortaxation,toscrutinizegovernmentpolicy,administrationandexpenditureandtodebatethemajorissuesoftheday.

4.TheHouseofLords上议院

TheHouseofLordsconsistsoftheLordSpiritual,whoaretheArchbishopsandmostprominentbishopsoftheChurchofEngland;

andtheLordsTemporal,whichreferstothoselordswhoeitherhaveinheritedtheseatfromtheirforefathersortheyhavebeenappointed.Thelordsmainlyrepresentthemselvesinsteadoftheinterestsofthepublic.

5.TheHouseofCommons

TheHouseofCommonsistherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifebecauseitistheplacewhereabout650electedrepresentatives（MembersofParliament）makeanddebatepolicy.TheseMPsareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldrepresenttheinterestsofthepeoplewhovoteforthem.

Unit4Politics,ClassandRace

1.Theimportanceofgeneralelections

Generalelectionsareveryimportantinwesterndemocracy.Accordingtotheauthor,theyprovideopportunitiesforpeopletoinfluencefuturegovernmentpoliciesandtoreplacethoseincompetent没能力的politicalleaders.

2.Theformationofthegovernment

651membersofparliamentareelectedinthegeneralelectionrepresenting651constituenciesintheUK.Thepartywhichholdsamajorityofthose“seats”inparliamentformsthegovernment,withitspartyleaderasthePrimeMinister.

3.Theelectoralcampaigns

Beforeageneralelection,thepoliticalpartieswouldstarttheirelectoralcampaignsinordertomaketheirideologiesandpoliciesknowntothepublic.Thecampaigninvolvesadvertisementsinnewspapers,door-to-doorcampaigningpostaldeliveriesofleafletand“partyelectoralbroadcasts”onthetelevision.Thepartiesalsotrytoattackandcriticizetheopponents’policies.Therefore,thesecampaignssometimescanbequiteaggressiveandcritical.

4.ClasssysteminBritishsociety

TheclasssystemdoesexistinBritishsociety.MostoftheBritishpopulationwouldclaimthemselvestobeeitherofmiddle-classorworking-class,thoughsomepeoplewouldactuallybelongtotheuppermiddle-classorlowermiddle-class.Classdivisionsarenotsimplyeconomic,theyareculturalaswell.Peopleofdifferentclassesmaydifferinthekindofnewspaperstheyread,inthewaytheyspeakandinthekindofeducationtheyreceive.OneofthedistinctivefeaturesabouttheBritishclasssystemisthataristocratictitlescanstillbeinherited.

5.EthnicrelationsintheUK

ThecomingofimmigrantgroupsfromotherpartsoftheworldhasgreatlyenrichedBritishculture.Butethnicrelationsarealsosometimestense:

thelocalpeopleviewthenewcomersasathreattotheirwayofliving;

anddespitemuchofficialactionstominimizeracism,bothsubtleandovertoppressionremains.Theimmigrantpopulationisnotwell-offeconomically.Theyfaceproblemsofunemployment,under-representationinpoliticsandunfairtreatmentbypoliceandbythejusticesystem.

Unit5TheUKEconomy

1.RelativedeclineoftheUKeconomy

TheUKhasexperiencedaneconomicdeclinesince1945.Butthisisarelativedeclineratherthananabsoluteone.Britainiswealthierandmoreproductivethanitwasin1945,butsinceothercountriesdevelopedmorerapidly,ithasslidfrombeingthesecondlargesteconomytobeingthesixth.

2.Privatizationinthe1980s

TheBritisheconomywentthroughaparticularlyhadperiodinthe1970s,withhighratesofinflationanddevaluationofthePound.Therefore,inthe1980s,whentheConservativepartyunderMargaretThatcherwasinpower,anextensiveprogrammeofprivatizationwascarriedout.Manystate-ownedbusiness（suchassteel,telecom,gas,aerospace）wereturnedintoprivatecompanies.Privatisationwassuccessfulincontrollinginflationbutatthesametimeunemploymentrateincreasedrapidly.

3.MainsectorsoftheUKeconomy

TheUKnationaleconomycanbedividedintothreemainareas:

primaryindustries,suchasagriculture,fishingandmining;

secondaryindustrieswhichmanufacturecomplexgoodsfromthoseprimaryproducts;

andtertiary（orservice）industriessuchasbanking,insurance,tourismandretailing.

4.“TheCity”

“TheCity“referstothehistoricareaatthecenterofLondon.Itisoneofthebiggestfinancialcentersintheworldwiththegreatestconcentrationofbanks,insurancecompaniesandbusinessdealingincommodities.AttheheartofthecityistheLondonStockExchange.

5.TheaerospaceindustryintheUK

TheUK’saerospaceindustryisthethird-largestintheworld,producingthefullrangeofaerospaceproductsformcivilandmilitaryaircraftstomissiles,satellitesandjetengines.Itproduces2%oftheUKnationoutput,accountingfor8%ofmanufacturedexportgoods.

Unit6BritishLiterature

1.ElizabethanDrama

ThegeneralfloweringofculturalandintellectuallifeinEuropeduringthe15thand16thcenturiesisknownastheRenaissance.InBri