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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

ThispaperexaminesconstructionqualitycostsinTurkey.First,backgroundinformationispresentedonqualitycosting,ontheprevention,appraisal,andfailure（PAF）approach,andonPAFcomponents.Secondly,amodelispresentedfordeterminingtheoptimumleveloftotalqualitycost.Finally,acasestudyinwhichthecostsofqualityinamass-housingprojectwerecollectedandevaluatedispresented.Forthecasestudy,thedatawereobtainedintwostages:

（i）duringtheconstructionperiodand（ii）afterthedeliveryofresidences.Duringtheconstructionperiod,datawerecollectedincollaborationwithquantitysurveyorsandsiteengineers.Duringthedeliveryofresidences,aquestionnairewasadministeredto655householders,usingface-to-faceinterviews.Theimportanceofconstructionqualityinadevelopingcountrywasclarifiedbymeansofacost-basedanalysis,inwhichthepercentagesofqualitycostsinthetotalcosttoclientwerecalculatedseparately,aswastheoptimumcostvalueoftotalquality.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Qualitycosting

3.Theprevention,appraisal,andfailure（PAF）approach

3.1.Preventioncosts

3.2.Appraisalcosts

3.3.Failurecosts

4.Themodelbasisofoptimumqualitycost

5.Thecasestudy

6.Curvefittingwithpolynomials

7.Findingsandanalysis

8.Concludingremarks

Acknowledgements

References

Purchase

66Classificationofmaterialandweldinginfractureconsiderationofseismicsteelframes?

EngineeringStructures,Volume25,Issue5,April2003,Pages547-563

H.Kuwamura

Thispapershowsadesignmethodforpreventingbrittlefracturewhichwasobservedatbeam-to-columnconnectionsinsteelmomentframesinKobeattheeventofthe1995Hyogoken¨

CNanbuEarthquake.Theproposedmethodisperformance-based,inwhichqualitiesofstructuralsteelsandweldingsareclassifiedinto4ranks,respectively,inaccordancewiththeplasticdeformationcapacityofbeamspriortotheonsetofbrittlefracture.Fordeterminingandverifyingtheperformance-basedranksofmaterialandwelding,recentexperimentalandanalyticaldataareutilizedwhichhavebeenobtainedthroughextensiveresearchactivitiesfollowingthe1995Earthquake.

2.Limitstatesinfracture-resistantdesign

3.Designfactorsinfractureresistance

4.Formulafordesigncriterion

5.Ductilityindex

5.1.Ductilityindexvsstorydriftcapacity

5.2.Storydriftvs.beamrotation

5.3.Effectofdeformationamplitude

5.4.Uncertaintiesinductility

6.Performanceclassificationofsteels

6.1.Effectofyieldratio

6.2.EffectofCharpyabsorptionenergy

6.3.Rankingofsteels

7.Performanceclassificationofwelding

7.1.Effectofweldingheatinput

7.2.Effectofconnectiondetails

7.3.Rankingofwelding

8.Combinationofmaterialandweldingperformances

8.1.Overallranking

8.2.Verificationofranking

9.Summary

67DetectionofGTAweldingqualityanddisturbancefactorswithspectralsignalofarclight?

JournalofMaterialsProcessingTechnology,Volume209,Issue10,1June2009,Pages4867-4873

LiZhiyong,WangBao,DingJingbin

Byjustartificiallycausingdisturbancefactors,thechangeinthespectrumoftheweldingarcisstudiedinordertoidentifyspecialspectralprocessingzonesthatcouldprovidesignals,withhighsignaltonoiseratio,foraproperevaluationoftheGTAW（gastungstenarcwelding）process.Furthermore,theselectedspectralprocessingzoneswereappliedforinsitudetectionoftheweldingtrailswiththedisturbancefactors.Theresultshaveshownthatbyusingsuitablespectralprocessingzones（250¨

C300?

nm,750¨

C830?

nm,776.6¨

C777.6?

nm,867.5¨

C868.5?

nm,900¨

C1000?

nm）,weldingdefects,suchasbeadfacediscontinuity,poorweldandporosity,whichareusuallycausedbydifferentdisturbancefactors,couldbedetectedandidentified.ThepresentstudyisanattempttoputontheoreticalbasistheinsitudetectionandcontrolofGTAWprocess.

2.Experimentalprocedure

3.AnalysisonthelightradiationofGTAweldingarc

4.Choiceofspectralzones

5.Thespectralsignalsofweldingbeadswithdifferentdisturbancefactors

6.Conclusions

Vitae

68Microstructureandmechanicalpropertiesofalumina-6061aluminumalloyjoinedbyfrictionwelding?

Materials&

Design,Volume31,Issue2,February2010,Pages670-676

M.N.AhmadFauzi,M.B.Uday,H.Zuhailawati,A.B.Ismail

Thestudyoftheinterfaceofceramic/metalalloyfrictionweldedcomponentsisessentialforunderstandingofthequalityofbondingbetweentwodissimilarmaterials.Inthepresentstudy,opticalandelectronmicroscopyaswellasfour-pointbendingstrengthandmicrohardnessmeasurementswereusedtoevaluatethequalityofbondingofaluminaand6061aluminumalloyjointsproducedbyfrictionwelding.ThejointswerealsoexaminedwithEDX（energydispersiveX-ray）inordertodeterminethephasesformedduringwelding.Thebondedalumina-6061aluminumsampleswereproducedbyvaryingtherotationalspeedbutkeepingconstantthefrictionpressureandfrictiontime.Theexperimentalresultsshowedthattheeffectofrotationspeedanddegreeofdeformationappearstobehighonthe6061Alalloythanonthealuminapart.Itisdiscoveredthattheweldinterfaceformedincludedthreedifferentregions:

unaffectedzone（UZ）,deformedzone（DZ）,aswellastransformedandrecrystallizedfullydeformedzone（FPDZ）.Therefore,whenrotationalspeedincreases,thethicknessoffullplasticdeformedzone（FPDZ）attheinterfaceincreasesasaresultofmoremassdiscardedfromtheweldinginterface.Itwasalsoobservedthatrotationalspeedof2500?

rpmcanproduceaverygoodjointandmicrohardnesswithgoodmicrostructureascomparedtotheotherexperimentalrotationalspeeds.

2.Experimental

3.Resultsanddiscussion

3.1.Microstructurecharacteristicsattheinterfacezone

3.2.Deformationzoneandgrainsize

3.3.Vickersmicrohardnesstests

3.4.Four-pointbendingstrength

4.Conclusion

69Effectofweldingspeedonthequalityoffrictionstirweldedbuttjointsofamagnesiumalloy?

Design,Volume30,Issue6,June2009,Pages2033-2042

X.Cao,M.Jahazi

Theeffectofweldingspeedrangingfrom5to30?

mm/son2-mmbuttjointqualityoffrictionstirweldedAZ31B-H24magnesiumalloywasinvestigatedtodeterminedefects,microstructures,hardnessandtensileproperties.Highweldingspeedoverawiderangecanbeusedtoweldthismaterialathightoolrevolutionratesindicatingthegreatpotentialofthistechniqueformagnesiumalloys.Equiaxedgrainswereobservedinthestirandthermo-mechanically-affectedzones.Thegrainsizeinthestirzonedecreaseswithincreasingweldingspeedduetolowerheatinput.Higherweldingspeedsproduceslightlyhigherhardnessinthestirzone.Theyieldstrengthincreaseswithincreasingweldingspeed.Thetensilestrengthincreasesfirstwithincreasingweldingspeedbutremainsconstantfrom15to30?

mm/s.AHall¨

CPetchlinearrelationshipbetweenyieldstrengthandinversesquarerootofgrainsizeinthestirzoneillustratesthestrongrelationshipbetweentheseparameters.

2.Experimentalmethod

3.Resultsanddiscussion

4.Conclusions

70Comparisonofanalyticalandnumericalweldingtemperaturefieldcalculation?

ComputationalMaterialsScience,Volume47,Issue4,February2010,Pages1005-1015

W.Perret,C.Schwenk,M.Rethmeier

Analyticalandnumericalmethodsareusedtoestimatethetemperaturefieldduetotheheateffectsofwelding.Numericaltechniquesaremoreadaptedforindustrialcomplexapplicationswhereanalyticalsolutionsdonotexistyet.However,computationaltimeismuchlowerwithanalyticalmodelsandacombinationofbothmethodsisinvestigated.Therefore,thetwoapproachesareintroducedandconfrontedinthispaper.Thefinite-elementsoftwareAnsyshasbeenusedfornumericalsimulationsandScilabforanalyticalsimulations.Inordertogetasimilarresultquality,bothmethodshavetobeanalysedandcomparedwithrespecttoboundaryconditions.Theseconfigurationsarepresentedinthispaper.Beforestartinganyanalysis,theanalyticalandnumericalmodels