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通常与主句紧密相连,译为“……的”如果去掉整个句子所表达的意思就不完整了。
Eg:
ThefingerIdippedintothecupwasnottheoneIputintomymouth.
2.非限制性定语从句:
在结构上通常与主句用逗号隔开,如果去掉的话不影响主句的意思。
Thebook,whosecoverisverybeautiful,belongstohim.
关系词的作用:
1.引导定语从句,连接主从句。
2.指代先行词。
3.在定语从句中充当成分。
关系代词:
主、宾、表、定。
关系副词:
状
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主、宾
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
Theboy(who)youaretakingcareofismybrother.
who,whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that,who
whose+n..=
the+n.ofwhom=
ofwhomthen.
如指物用which
Isawatreewhoseleaveswereblack.
IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasMarry.
whom
宾语
Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking
Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..
whose
人或物
定语
(…的)
Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.
that
主,宾,表(不用于非限和介词后)
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.
which
物
主,宾,表
Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
主,宾
Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略,常用于thesame…as,such…as,as…as,so…as结构中
关系副词
when
时间
时间状语
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.
可用prep.+which
where
地点
地点状语
ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.
可用prep.+which
why
原因
原因状语
Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.
可用forwhich
考点解析:
只能用that做关系词的情况:
(1)限制性定语从句中,当先行词被强调,如被any,every,each,few,little,no,some,theonly,thevery等修饰。
HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.
(2)先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything,everything…时;
Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.
(3)先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰抑或先行词本身就是形容词最高级、序数词时。
ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveread.
Thisisthefirstbookthathehasread.
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.
(5)当句中已有who,which时,为避免重复.
Eg:
Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?
(6)先行词在主句中作表语,关系词在从句中作表语时。
Marryisnolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobe.
(7)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个宜用that。
Theyhavesetupacompany,whichdealswiththethingsthatarerelatedto
environmentprotection.
只能用which做关系词的情况:
(1)引导非限制性定语从句,指前面的某事物或前面的整个主句并在句中做主、宾语时。
Hehadfailedintheexam,whichmadehisfatherangry.
(2)在介词后面,用which指代事物。
Thisistheroominwhichmyfatherlivedlastyear.
(3)当先行词本身是that时。
Whatisthatwhichisflyinginthesky?
(4)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个宜用that。
由as引导的定语从句的几种常见情况:
(1)as引导非限制性定语从句,说明整个主句的内容,和which引导定语从句代替整个句子的区别是:
which不能放在句首,而as则可以在句首、句中,as有“正如”、“就象”之意,而which则没有此意。
Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.
Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.
Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.
(2)当先行词前有thesame,such修饰时,或在“so/as…as”结构中,表示“那样……以致”,后用关系代词as引导限制性定语从句。
Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.
(3)在such…as结构中,as为关系代词,替代先行词,引导的是定语从句;
在such…that结构中,that为连词,引导的是一个完整的结果状语从句。
That’sthesametoolasIusedlastweek.(同类工具,不是同一把)
That’sthesametoolthatIusedlastweek.(同一把)
定语从句中的主谓一致:
(1)关系词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的单复数由先行词决定。
ThemanwholivesdownstairsspeaksEnglishfluently.
ThestudentswhoareinGrade3aregoingtoclimbthehilltomorrow.
(2)当先行词为oneofthe+复数名词时,定从的谓动用复数动词;
当先行词为the(only)oneofthe+复数名词时,定从的谓动用单数动词。
Heistheonlyoneofthestudentsthatisneverlate.他是学生中唯一从不迟到的学生。
Heis
oneofthestudentsthat
areneverlate.他是从不迟到的学生之一。
关系副词相关考点:
(1)当先行词为situation,case,point,job,condition…等表示情况、方面的模糊化、抽象化的地方并且从句中缺少状语时,常用where引导定从。
Canyouthinkofasituationwherewecanusethiswordcorrectly?
Aftergraduationshereachedapointinhercareerwheresheneededdecidewhattodo.
(2)theway做定语从句的先行词时,如果定从中少状语,用that、inwhich或×
来引导定语从句。
如果少宾语用that、which或×
。
如少主语用that、which。
Idonotlikethewaythat/inwhich/×
hespoketome.
Theway(that/which)hetoldusisuseful.
关系副词=介词+关系代词(Prep.+which/whom):
Wecouldexpectgooddecisionsfromyou.Wethoughtyouweresuchaperson.
=Wethoughtyouwereapersonfromwhomwecouldexpectgooddecisions.
.Youweretobuydogfoodwiththemoney.Themoneyisgone.
=Themoneywithwhichyouweretobuydogfoodisgone.
Howtochoosetherightprepositions
Examples:
1.Hewillneverforgetthedayonwhichhefailedintheexam
2.Thisistheheroofwhomweareproud.
HeisthemanonwhomIthinkyoucandepend
3.Air,withoutwhichmancan’tlive,isreallyimportant
基本结构的拓展
1.名词+介词+关系代词
Thisistheteacherwhosedaughterisafamousdoctor.
=Thisistheteacher_________________isafamousdoctor.
RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase(花瓶),_______wasveryreasonable(合理的).
A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose
2.数词+介词+关系代词(含基数词,序数词,分数和百分数)
Wehavethreeforeignteachers,___________arefromCanada.(其中的两个)
Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%_______aresoldabroad.
A.ofwhichB.whichofC.ofthemD.ofthat
3.代词+介词+关系代词(代词有all,both,none,neither,either,some,any等)
Theoldwomanhastwosons,__________areteachers.(两个都是)
Lastweek,twopersonscametoseethehouse,___________wantedtobuyit
A.bothoftheyB.bothofwhomC.bothofthemD.allofwhom
4.形容词最高级/比较级+介词+关系代词
Chinahasthousandsofislands,_______________isTaiwanIslan(其中最大的)
Therearetwobuildings,________standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.
A.thelargerB.thelargerofthem
C.thelargeronethatD.thelargerofwhich
5.介词+关系代词+名词
Hespentfouryearsincollege,_____________hestudiedmedicine.
(在那段时间内)
6.复杂介词+关系代词
常用于该结构的复杂介词有:
asaresultof,atthebackof,becauseof,
bymeansof,forwantof,infrontof,incaseof,onaccountof等。
Wegottoahouseatthebackofwhichwasalargegarden.
解题基本步骤:
1.判断是否为定语从句;
2.找出从句中所缺成分(主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语)从而判断是用关系代词还是关系副词;
3.找出先行词(看是人、物或者是其他状语)
注:
缺主语:
从句中谓语动词前没有主语。
缺宾语:
1.从句中谓语动词为及物动词,后无宾语时;
2.从句中介词后无宾语;
3.从句中谓语动词为后可跟双宾语的动词
缺表语:
从句中系动词后无表语时;
缺定语:
从句中的主语与先行词表所属关系时;
缺状语:
1.被动语态中;
2.主系表结构的句子里;
3.谓语动词为不及物动词的句子里。
Ⅵ.练习:
定语从句考点分类强化练习
考法1考查关系代词和关系副词的用法
1.Ididn’tbecomeaseriousclimberuntilthefifthgrade,_____Iwentuptorescueakitethatwasstuckinthebranches.
2.Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivities_____theycangainexperienceforgrowth.
3.Amongthemanydangers_____sailorshavetoface,probalythegreatestofallisfog.
4.Istheschool_____youvisitedlastweeklarge?
5.Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivity____sightmattersmorethanhearing.
6.Hesaidthisclassroomistheplace____hefoundhislostwatchand______hewouldtakegoodcareofitformthenon.
7.Hewrotealetter____heexplainedwhathadhappenedintheaccident.
8.Thereisnosimpleanswer,______isoftenthecaseinscience.
9.Finallyhereachedalonelyisland_____wascompletelycutofffromtheoutsideworld.
10.______isoftenthecasewithchildren,Amywasbetterbythetimethedoctorarrived.
11.Nowadayspeoplearemoremoreconcernedabouttheenvironmet____theylive.
12.Wehavelaunchedanotherman-madesatelite,_______isannouncedintoday’snewspaper.
13.Themuseumwillopeninthespringwithanexhibitionandaviewingplatform______visitorscanwatchthebigglasshousesbeingbuilt.
14.MoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,_____madeoneoftheChinesepeople’slong-helddreamscometrue.
15.Weliveinanage_____moreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.
16.Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,
____urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.
17.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,_____hassurprisedusall.
18.IwishtothankProfessorSmith,without____helpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.
考法2考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
19.Coulditbeintherestaurantin____youhaddinnerwithmeyeasterday____youleftbehindyourkeysandwallet?
20.Wehavegatherednearly100,00quilts,______uptohalfhavegonetotheflood-hitareas.
考法3短文填空
In1914,ThomasEdison,attheageof67,losthisfactory,1___wasworthafewmilliondollars,toafire.Ithadverylittleinsurance.Nolongerayoungman,Edisionwatchedhislifetimeeffort2__(go)upinsmokeandsaid,”Thereisgreatvalueindisasters.Allourmistakesareburntup.ThankGodwecanstartanew.”Inspiteofdisasters,threeweekslater,3___inventedthephonograph(留声机).What4attitude!
Belowaremoreexamplesofthe5ofsuccessfulpeople:
ThomasEdisonfailed6(approximate)10,000timeswhilehe7(work)onthelightbulb.
HenryFordfiredLeeIacoccaattheageof54.
YoungBeethoven8(tell)thathehadnotalentformusic,9hegavesomeofthebestmusictotheworld.
Setbacks(挫折)areinevitableinlife.Asetbackcanactasadrivingforceandalsoteachushumility.Ingrief(悲伤)youwillfindthecourageandfaith10(overcome)thesetback.
1.______2________3_______4________5______
6______7________8_______9________10_______
ThoughIcan'
tremembereverything1.________happened