《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U5Word文件下载.docx

《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U5Word文件下载.docx

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新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料U5Unit5CultureandVerbalCommunicationSomeIdeasRelatedtoverbalcommunicationandculture1.DifferentorientationstocommunicationpatternsEastAsianorientation1.processorientationcommunicationisperceivedasaprocessofinfiniteinterpretation2.differentiatedlinguisticcodesdifferentlinguisticscodesareuseddependinguponpersonsinvoIvedandsituations3.indirectcommunicationemphasistheuseofindirectcommunicationisprevalentandacceptedasnormative4.receivercenteredmeaningisintheinterpretation.Emphasisisonlistening,sensitivity,andremovalofpreconception.NorthAmericanorientationmunicationisperceivedasthetransfereneeofmessages2.LessdifferentiatedlinguisticcodeslinguisticcodesarenotasextensivelydifferentiatedasEastAsia3.Directcommunicationemphasisdirectcommunicationisnormdespitetheextensiveuseofindirectcommunication4.sendercenteredmeaningisinthemessagecreatedbythesender.Emphasisisonhowtoformulatethebestmessage,howtoimprovesourcecredibilityanddeliveryskills2.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStylesThetoneofvoice,thespeakersintention,andtheverbalcontentreflectourwayofspeaking,ourverbalstyle,whichinturnreflectsourculturalandpersonalvaluesandsentiments.Verbalstyleframes“hoWamessageshouldbeinterpreted.Thedirect-indirectverbalinteractiondimensioncanbethoughtofasstraddlingacontinuum.Individualsinallculturesusethegradationsofalltheseverbalstyles,dependingonroleidentities,interactiongoals,andsituations.However,inindividualisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofdirecttalk,person-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-enhancement,andtalkativeness.Incontrast,incollectivisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreferentialuseofindirecttalk,status-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-effacement,andsilenee.Thedirectandindirectstylesdifferintheextenttowhichcommunicatorsrevealtheirintentionsthroughtheirtoneofvoiceandthestraightforwardnessoftheircontentmessage.Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeakersintentionsandareenunciatedinaforthrighttoneofvoice.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtocamouflagethespeakersactualintentionsandarecarriedoutwithmorenuancedtoneofvoice.Forexample,theoverall.Americanverbalstyleoftencallsforclearanddirectcommunication.Phrasessuchas“saywhatyoumean,”“dontbeataroundthebush,”and“gettothepoint”aresomeexamples.Thedirectverbalstyleofthelarger.cultureisreflectiveofitslow-contextcommunicationcharacter.3.Person-OrientedandStatus-OrientedVerbalStylesTheperson-orientedverbalstyleisindividual-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizestheimportaneeofinformalityandrolesuspension.Thestatus-orientedverbalstyleisarole-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizesformalityandlargepowerdistanee.Theformeremphasizestheimportaneeofsymmetricalinteraction,whereasthelatterstressesasymmetricalinteraction.Theperson-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimportaneeofrespectingunique,personalidentitiesintheinteraction.Thestatus-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimportaneeofhonoringprescribedpower-basedmembershipidentities.Thosewhoengageinstatus-orientedverbalinteractionusespecificvocabulariesandparalinguisticfeaturestoaccentuatethestatusdistaneeoftherolerelationships.,inparent-childinteraction,superior-subordinaterelations,andmale-femaleinteractioninmanyLatinAmericancultures）.Whilelow-contextculturestendtoemphasizetheuseoftheperson-orientedverbalstyle,high-contextculturestendtovaluethestatus-orientedverbalmode.4.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStylesTheself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportaneeofboastingaboutonesaccomplishmentsandabilities.Theself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportaneeofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitations,modesttalk,andtheuseofself-deprecationconcerningoneseffortorperformanee.Forexample,inmanyAsiancultures,self-effacementtalkisexpectedtosignalmodestyorhumility.InJapan,whenoneofferssomethingtoanotherpersonsuchasagiftoramealthatonehasprepared,verbalself-deprecationisexpected.Therearesetexpressionsforverbalhumilitysuchas“Itsnotverytasty”and“Itsnothingspecial.”Thehostesswhoapologizestohergueststhat“Thereisnothingspecialtoofferyou”hasprobablysentthebetterpartoftwodaysplanningandpreparingthemeal.Ofcoursetheguestshouldprotestsuchadisclaimerandreemphasizeherorhisgratitude.Self-effacementisanecessarypartofJapanesepolitenessrituals.Inthe.culture,individualsareencouragedtosellandboastaboutthemselves,forexample,inperformaneerevieworjobinterviewsessions,orelsenoonewouldnoticetheiraccomplishments.However,thenotionofmerchandizingoneselfdoesnotsetwellwiththeJapanese.InJapan,onedoesnotliketostandoutorbesingledout,evenbyothers;@#@itisfarworsetopromoteoneself.InmanyAsiancultures,individualsbelievethatiftheirperformaneeisgood,theirbehaviorwillbenoticed,forexample,bytheirsupervisorsduringpromotionreviewsituations.However,fromtheWesternculturalstandpoint,ifmyperformaneeisgood,Ishoulddocumentorboastaboutitsothatmysupervisorwillbesuretotakenotice.Thisdiffereneeisprobablyduetotheobserver-sensitivevalueoftheAsian,high-contextcommunicationpattern,asopposedtothesender-responsiblevalueoftheWestern,low-contextinteractionpattern.Weshouldnotethatthepatternofverbalself-effacementcannotbegeneralizedtomanyAraborAfricancultures.InEgypt,forexample,apopularsayingis“Makeyourharvestlookbig,lestyourenemiesrejoice”.Effusiveverbalself-enhancementiscriticaltotheenhancementofonesfaceorhonorinsomelargepowerdistaneeArabcultures.ReadingIUnderstandingtheCultureofConversationComprehensionquestions1.WhatmadetheauthorfeellearningtoconverseinMexicoCitywaseasierforhim/herinoneway,moredifficultinanotherItseasierbecauseMexicansservicetherelationshipandtheycareabouteveryoneintheconversation.Buttheirconversationdoesntmoveinastraightline,driftingaroundbothinthetopicandinthewaytheyusewords.2.WhydidtheMexicancustomerslideintothetopicofthefulleclipseofthesunFortheMexican,theconversationstartswithonetopic,butifanotherinterestingtopicseepsinheorshewillrideitaroundforawhile.Stickingtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation.3.WhatdidtheAmericanbusinessmanfeelabouttheMexican?

@#@swayofconversationFortheAmerican,aconversationshouldhaveatopic,andhewantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfrombeginningtoend.SohefeltveryimpatientabouttheMexicanswayofconversation.4.What“conversationalideal”wasrepresentedbytheexampleofachampionshipskierwhowasinterviewedonTVTheSwedishconversationalidealistoresponseinaconcisemannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails,especiallythoseforself-promotion.5.WhatproblemsarelikelytooccurifanAmericantalkswithaSwedeTheAmericanmayfeeltotallylostintheconversationsinceheorshewouldnotgetasmuchinformationfromtheSwedeasheorshehasexpected.6.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenAnglosandAthabaskansinconversationTherearealotdifferencesbetweenthem.Forinstanee,atthebeginningofaconversation,Anglosalmostalwaysspeakfirst.Athabaskansthinkitisimportanttoknowwhatthesocialrelationshipisbeforetheytalkwithsomeone.Thereisanotherdifferenceinhowlongoneshouldtalk.AthabaskanstendtohaveIongerturnswhentheytalkwitheachother,butAnglosexpectshorterturns.7.IsitenoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignIanguageWhatelsedoesheorshealsoneedtoknowItisfarfromenoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignIanguage.OnealsohastoknowaboutthecultureofusingtheIanguageinsociallife,thingslikewhotalksfirst,whotalksnext,whoopensandclosesconversationsandhowtheydoit,inordertobeabletousetheIanguageinculturallyappropriatemanners.8.InwhatwaysareChinesesimilartoordifferentfromtheAmericans,MexicansandSwedesItseemsthatweChinesearesomewhatsimilartoMexicansinthewaywearehavingaconversation.UnlikeAmericans,wedonotusuallymoveinastraightlineinaconversationandmayalsocaremuchabouttheothersfeeling.ReadingIITheWayPeopleSpeakComprehensionquestions1.Whydidn?

@#@ttheAmericanopenlydisagreewiththeItalianIngeneral,theAmericandidnotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsoranythingelse.2.Whatarethedifferencesbetween“highinvoIvement”styleand“highconsiderateness”styleManypeoplefromculturesthatpreferhighinvoIvementstylestendto:

@#@

（1）talkmore;@#@

（2）interruptmore;@#@（3）expecttobeinterrupted;@#@（4）talkmoreloudlyattimes;@#@and（5）talkmorequicklythanthosefromculturesfavoringhighconsideratenessstyles.Ontheotherhand,peoplefromculturesthatfavorhighconsideratenessstylestendto:

@#@

（1）speakoneatatime;@#@

（2）usepolitelisteningsounds;@#@（3）refrainfrominterrupting;@#@and（4）giveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulrespo