英国文学第一册Word文档格式.docx

英国文学第一册Word文档格式.docx

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ancestorsofthepresentEnglishpeople;

atransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism

Nameitscentralpart—England（Angla-land）orAnglia

Language:

oldEnglish—thefoundationofEnglishlanguageandliterature

PS:

British→Britons（byCelts）English（byAngles）

Literature:

Twodivisions:

PaganandChristian

Pagan:

theAnglo-Saxonspoetryintheformoforalsagas

Christian:

thewritingsdevelopedunderteachingofthemonks

Meantanewlanguage:

theliterarymonk—thecultureandliteraryresourcesoftheLatinlanguage.

Anglo-Saxonpoets:

Caedmon—apoeticParaphraseoftheBible

Cynewulf—onreligioussubjects（TheChrist）

Unknownscribes—thegreatepic（TheSongofBeowulf）;

poems（Widsith,TheTraveller’sSong;

Seafarer）

TheSongofBeowulf

TheoldestpoemintheEnglishlanguage

TheoldestsurvivingepicintheEnglishlanguage

Theonlyexistingmanuscriptwaswrittenatthebeginningofthe10thcenturyandwasnotdiscovereduntil1705.ItreflectseventswhichtookplaceontheContinentatthebeginningofthe6thcentury.

Thewholeepicconsistsof3128linesandistobedividedintotwopartswithaninterpolation（anadditionmadebytheChristianwhocopiedTheSong）.

Thewholesongisessentiallypaganinspiritandmatter.

Apaganpoemofalladvancedpagancivilization;

presentanall-roundpictureofthetribalsociety

Thesubjectmatter

Thispoemof3128linesdescribesthedeedsoftheTuetonic（Scandinavia）heroBeowulf.

Hrothgar（king）;

Heorot（meadhall）;

Grendel（monster）;

Grendel’smother;

dragon

Alliteration（headrhyme）;

kenning（metaphor）;

understatement

Theuseofthestrongstressandconsonants;

eachlineisdividedintotwohalves,andeachhalfhastwoheavystresses

Partlyhistoricalandpartlylegendary

TheAnglo-NormanPeriod

RomanConquest:

1066—William,DukeofNormandy,defeatedtheAnglo-SaxonsatthebattleofHastings.

Influence:

Feudalsystemwasestablished;

French

BlackDeath

Theliterature:

Thebright,romantictalesofloveandadventure←→thestrengthandsombernessofAnglo-Saxonpoetry

EnglishliteratureisacombinationofFrenchandSaxonelements.

AbsorbedtheFrenchvocabulary,becametheEnglishlanguage

Thenewliterature:

Geoffrey’sHistory—containsthenativeCelticlegendsofArthur

TheworkoftheFrenchwriters—madetheArthurianlegendspopular

RimingChronicles—historyindoggerelverse（Laysmon’sBrut）

MetricalRomancesortalesinverse

Threeclasses:

MatterofFrance:

talesaboutCharlemagne（ChansondeRoland）

MatterofGreeceandRome:

talesaboutAlexanderandaboutthefallofTroy

MatterofBritain:

talesabouttheirheroesArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTable

CyclesofArthurianromances:

Gawain,Launcelot,Merlin,theQuestoftheHolyGrail,theDeathofArthur

GeoffreyChaucer

Biography:

“fatherofEnglishpoetry”

OneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland

Servedinavarietyofoccupations:

soldier,ambassador,courtier,officeholder,legislator

ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’sCornerofWestminsterAbbey

Socialenvironment:

Thesecondhalfofthe14thcentury,feudalsystembeguntocrumble

1381,afamouspeasantuprisingledbyWatTylerandJohnBall

ThegloryoftheCatholicChurchwasonthewane

Works:

HetranslatedvariousworksofFrenchauthors:

RomanceoftheRose

LongerpoemsintheformofvisionsofavoredintheMiddleAge:

TheLegendofGoodWomen;

TheHouseofFame;

TheparliamentofFowls

LongnarrativepoemTroilusandCressiebaseduponBoccaccio’spoemFilostrato

Features:

Hisallegoriesandsymbolsaretingedwithrealisticimages.

Hispoemmarksanewstepintheauthor’sprogresstomaturityandisdistinguishedforitsprofounddelineationofcharacterandtruthfuldescriptionofhumanrelation.

HegreatlycontributedtothefoundingoftheEnglishliterarylanguage,thebasisofwhichwasformedbytheLondondialect.

Threeperiods:

TheperiodofFrenchinfluence（1359-1372）

TheperiodofItalianinfluence（1372-1386）—Chaucer’sowncreativenessshowsitselfthroughborrowedthemes

TheperiodofEnglishinfluence（1386-1400）

TheCanterburyTales

Chaucer’smasterpieceisTheCanterburyTales.

GiveapictureofcontemporaryEnglishlife

Only24taleswerewrittenofwhich2areleftunfinished

Heroiccouplets

OntheirwaytoCanterbury,PilgrimsgatheredatTabardInn.

The“jollyinnkeeper”,HarryBaily,proposedthateachpilgrimshouldtelltwotalesonthewaytoCanterburyandtwomoreonthewayback.

ThePrologueisasplendidmasterpieceofrealisticportrayal,thefirstofitskindinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.Itprovidesaframeworkforthetalesanditcomprisesagroupofvividpicturesofvariousmedievalfigures.

TheKnight;

thePardoner;

Nun’sPriest;

theWifeofBath…

InTheCanterburyTales,Chaucercreatedastrikinglybrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.

Free-thinking;

believesintherightofmantoearthlyhappiness

PopularBallads

The15thcenturyhasbeentraditionallydescribedasthebarrenageinEnglishliterature.ButitisthespringtideofEnglishballads.

Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenperseveredbyoraltransmission.

Englishballadswereprobablycomposedduringthe500yaersperiodfrom1300to1700,fewofthemwereprintedbeforethe18thcenturyandsomenotuntilthe19th.

SongsandballadswerewidespreadamongthepopulaceofEnglandandScotland.

Theywerecreatedandpreservedbythepeople,termed“PopularBallads”.

Bedevotedtohistoricalevents

Theage-longstrugglebetweentheScotsandtheEnglishisreflectedinthe“borderballads”.

BishopThomasPercywasamongthefirsttotakealiteraryinterestinballads

Discoveryofa17thcenturymanuscriptwhichhadbeencopieddownamongagreatwelterofMiddleEnglishverse

PublicinhisReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry

RobinHoodBallads

RobinHoodisapartlyhistoricalandpartlylegendarycharacter.

ThefirstmentionofRobinHoodinliteratureisinLangland’sTheVisionofPiers,thePlowman

TheHistoryofGreatBritain,inLatin,1521

RobinHood,aSaxonbybirth,wasanoutlaw,arobber,robbedonlytherichandnevermolestedthepoorandneedy.

RobinHood’scharacter:

strong,brave,clever,tender-hearted,affectionate,hatredforthecrueloppressors,loveforthepooranddowntrodden

TheballadsofRobinHoodgainedgreatpopularityinthesecondhalfofthe14thcentury.（atthetimeofthepoor’sstruggle）

humorousballads—GetUpandBartheDoor

TheRenaissance

Historicalbackground:

The16thcenturyinEnglishwasaperiodofthebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism.

TheReformation—HenryⅧ（reigned1509-1547）brokeoffwiththePopeandproclaimedhimselfheadoftheChurchofEngland→furtheredthestrengtheningofEnglishmonarchy

TheoldEnglisharistocracyhavingbeenexterminatedinthecourseoftheWaroftheRoses（1455-1485,theHouseofLancasterVStheHouseofYork）

Newclass—theclassofbourgeoisie

AbsolutemonarchyinEnglandreacheditssummitduringthereignofQueenElisabeth（reigned1558-1603）

TheprogressofbourgeoiseconomymadeEnglandapowerfulstateandenabledherin1588toinflictadefeatontheSpanishInvincibleArmada（thetriumphoftherisingbourgeoisieoverthedecliningoldfeudalism）.

Theaggravationofthecontradictionbetweenthewealthoftherulingclassesandthepovertyofthepeople→uprisingofthepeasantry（1549,inNorfolk,RobertKet）

Literature

Fromthefirsthalfofthe16thcentury,theEnglishRenaissancebegantodevelopintoafloweringofliteratureandthenEnglandbecame“anestofsingingbirds”.

Renaissance—“rebirth”:

arevivalofclassical（GreekandRoman）artsandsciencesafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.

✧TheworksofclassicalauthorsweretranslatedintoEnglish.

✧Propagationofclassicallearningandart

✧Humanistsheldtheirchiefinterestinman—hisenvironmentanddoingsandbravelyfoughtfortheemancipationofmanfromthetyrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas

EnglishRenaissancePeriodwasanageofpoetryanddrama.

Prose:

ThomasMore—Utopia:

gaveaprofoundandtruthfulpictureofthepeople’ssufferingsandputforwardhisidealofafuturehappysociety.

FrancisBacon

Lyricalpoems:

Inthefirsthalfofthe16thcentury

ThomasWyatt—thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature

HenryHoward;

EarlofSurrey

Inthesecondhalfofthe16thcenturylyricalpoetrybecamewidespreadinEngland.

PhilipSidney;

ThomasCampion

EdmundSpenser（thepoets’poet）—TheFairyQueen

Novel:

Dealingwithcourtlifeandgallantry

JohnLyly—Eupheus:

gaverisetotheterm“euphuism”,designatinganaffectedstyleofcourtspeech

ThomasLoge

Realistictendencies—devotedtotheeverydaylifeofthelowerclasses

ThomasDeloney;

ThomasNashe

Drama:

theepochofRenaissancewitnessedaparticulardevelopmentofEnglishdrama

ChristopherMarlowe（themostgiftedofthe“universitywits”）—madeblankversetheprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama

RobertGreen—GeorgeGreen,thePinnerofWakefield

WilliamShakespeare（1564.4.23—1616.4.23）

ThegreatestofallEnglishauthors

Oneofthefirstfoundersofrea