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⏹Chapter5FundamentalsofBusinessWriting
⏹Chapter6Note-taking
⏹Chapter7Summary
⏹Chapter8Graphs
商务应用文写作
⏹Chapter9BusinessLetters
⏹Chapter10BusinessMemos
⏹Chapter11BusinessMinutes
⏹Chapter12PressRelease
⏹Chapter13BusinessReports
⏹Chapter14Proposals
⏹Chapter15BusinessContracts
⏹Chapter16Resume
⏹Chapter17ApplicationLetters
⏹Chapter18OralPresentations
考核方式
⏹成绩构成：
期末考试和平时表现
⏹期末考试：
60%
⏹平时表现：
40%
期末题型
⏹课堂座位从第二周起固定，严格考勤，缺勤五次取消考试资格
Chapter1
Fundamentalsof
BusinessCommunication
Areyouaskillfulcommunicator?
Lead-in
Game:
Areyougoodatcommunicating?
Task:
如果你牙痛，想向老板请假一天。
A：
打电话口头请假
B：
写病假条
请假条
⏹To：
老板
⏹From：
请假人
⏹Date：
写假条的日期
我想知道是否可以在4月4日本周三请假一天。
今天早上我接到我牙医的一个电话，催促我尽早去看牙。
我最近一直牙痛，几乎不能入睡。
一旦情况恶化，还可能发生感染。
根据我的工作量安排，和其它工作日相比，周三相对不太忙。
我认为在周三请假一天是最好的办法。
我为我的请假可能带来的不方便表示歉意。
谢谢，我会在下午1点半给你打电话，你也可以随时打电话给我。
“Ifallmypossessionsweretakenfrommewithoneexception,Iwouldhopetokeepmypowerofcommunication---forbyitIwouldregainalltherest.”--DanielWebster
Introduction
⏹在文献上，沟通（communication）至少有一百多个定义（Dance&
Larson,1972）。
CanyoufindaChineseequivalenttotheEnglishwordCommunication?
⏹交际（语言学）
⏹交流（心理学）
⏹沟通（管理学）
⏹传播（新闻学）
⏹通信（通讯学）
ChapterOutline
WhatisCommunication?
⏹Communication,comesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,whichmeans,“tomakecommon”or“toshare”.
⏹Communicationistheprocessofexchanginginformationandmeaningbetweenoramongindividualsthroughacommonsystemofsymbols,signs,andbehavior.
⏹沟通是“人与人之间通过共同享有的象征意义、符号和行为等进行信息传递和思想交流的过程”。
Communicationisanexchangeofmessagesbetweenindividualsforthepurposeofcreatingorinfluencingthemeaningthatothersassigntoevents.
Keypoints:
exchangeofmessages（沟通的实质：
交流信息）
creatingorinfluencing（沟通的目的：
相互影响和融合）
Ourmostbasiccommonlinkisthatweallinhabitthisplanet.Weallbreathethesameair.Weallcherishourchildren‘sfuture.Andweareallmortal.
——JohnF.Kennedy
Communicationisaprocessthatoilsthegearsthatturnthemachineryofbusiness.
Communicationinbusinesscontext
Discussion
⏹Canyoulistsomejobswhichneedstrongcommunicationskills?
⏹Themostvaluableskillanemployeecanhaveistheabilitytocommunicate.Ifyouhave,manyjoboffersandpromotionalopportunitiesawaityou.
⏹Youwilldependonyourtechnicalknowledgeduringthefirsttwoyearsafteryourgraduation.Afterthetwoyears,youhavetodependonyourcommunicationskilltogetpromotion.
TheProcessofCommunication
Senders/Source（信息发送者）Receivers（信息接收者）
⏹Participantsinthecommunicationprocesswhocommunicatemessagestoanaudiencearecalledsenders.
⏹Receiversaretheaudiencetowhommessagesaredirected.
Encoding（编码）
Decoding（解码）
⏹Theactivityofthesenderchoosingcertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessageiscalledencoding.
⏹Theactivityofthereceiverattachingmeaningtothewordsorsymbolsthatthesendersendsiscalleddecoding.
Feedback（信息反馈）
⏹Feedbackconsistsofmessages—verbalandnonverbal—thatconveyareactiontothecommunicator’smessage.
Channel（渠道）
Whichtypeofchannelhere?
⏹Speeches
⏹Interviews
⏹Telephoneconversations
⏹Letters
⏹Reports
Noise（干扰因素）
⏹Itreferstoallthefactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages.
⏹Internalnoise
⏹Externalnoise（最典型）
⏹Semanticnoise
Context（沟通语境）
⏹Thecommunicationcontextreferstothesituationinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceandtoeveryfactoraffectingitstransmission.
⏹Physicalcontext
⏹Socialcontext
⏹Interpersonalcontext
Internalandexternalcommunication
InternalCommunication
⏹Internalcommunicationinvolvescommunicatingbackandforthwithintheorganizationthroughsuchwrittenandoralchannelsas____,reports,____,meetings,___,speeches,and____.
ExternalCommunication
⏹Externalcommunicationreferstocommunicationwithanorganization’smajor____,____,____and_____,and______.
COMMUNICATIONTRANSMITSCULTURE
CommunicationandCulture
⏹High-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessagesinwhichmostofthemeaningiseitherimpliedbythephysicalsettingorpresumedtobepartoftheindividual’sinternalizedbelief,values,andnorms;
verylittleisprovidedinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.
⏹Low-contextculturesprefertouselow-contextmessages,inwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.
Typicalcountriesofhigh–contextculture
⏹Features:
Avoidspeakingdirectly（内隐，含蓄）
⏹E.g.MiddleeasternandAsiancultures,esp.China
Typicalcountriesoflow–contextculture
expressideasdirectly（外显，明了）
⏹E.g.MostwesterncountriesUnitedStatesandCanada
高低语境文化冲突
“谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后”
⏹MyEnglishispoor.
Task
1.Whatmeaningdoestheboywanttoexpress?
2.Bywhichchannelishegoingtosendthemessage?
3.Isthereanythingthatmightinterferewiththeprocess?
Summary
⏹graspthedefinitionofcommunication;
⏹identifytheimportanceofcommunication;
⏹understandtheprocessofcommunication;
⏹identifytheflowofcommunication;
⏹knowhowculturesinfluencecommunicationandcommunicationchannel.
Whatiscommunication?
•Communicationisanexchangeofmessagesbetweenindividualsforthepurposeofcreatingorinfluencingthemeaningthatothersassigntoevents.
•Participantsinthecommunicationprocesswhocommunicatemessagestoanaudiencearecalledsenders.
•Receiversaretheaudiencetowhommessagesaredirected.
•Theactivityofthesenderchoosingcertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessageiscalledencoding.
•Theactivityofthereceiverattachingmeaningtothewordsorsymbolsthatthesendersendsiscalleddecoding.
•Feedbackconsistsofmessages—verbalandnonverbal—thatconveyareactiontothecommunicator’smessage.
•Itreferstoallthefactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages.
–Internalnoise
–Externalnoise（最典型）
–Semanticnoise
Context（语境）
•Thecommunicationcontextreferstothesituationinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceandtoeveryfactoraffectingitstransmission.
–Physicalcontext
–Socialcontext
–Interpersonalcontext
Chapter2
ContrastiveRhetoricinBusinessCommunication
对比修辞学
FrancisBacon
•Historiesmakemenwise;
poemswitty;
themathematicssubtle;
naturalphilosophydeep;
moralgrave;
logicandrhetoricabletocontend.
Whatisrhetoric?
•Contrastiverhetoricmaintainsthatlanguageandwritingareculturalphenomena.
ContrastiveRhetoric
•Contrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacquisition.
•Itstudiesstructureofwrittenmaterialabovethesentencelevel,andattachesgreatimportancetoculture’sinfluenceoncommunication.
•主要研究范围是探讨第二语言学习者的学术写作问题及文化的影响问题。
Whatisculture?
WhatdoyouknowaboutChineseculture?
TeaCulture
WhatdoyouknowaboutAmericanculture?
•在1966年,Kaplan对约600篇英语作为第二语言的作文进行了对比分析,发现文化背景不同,英语作为第二语言的学生写作段落的组织模式也不同。
•东方语言中段落的发展是绕着主题团团转,而不直接从主题入手展开讨论,语篇的主题往往采用迂回的方式来加以阐述与发展,文中夹杂着似乎与主题没有直接联系的内容,段落组织呈螺旋型
----Youareverybeautiful
----No,no./Where,where.
“哪里哪里”是中国人的谦虚之词，但是应该说thankyou.
•
Stereotypes文化定势
•Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.
•文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。
Howdoescultureinfluenceinternationalcommunication?
•Successfulinternationalcommercerequirescross-culturalcommunication.
Howwillyouexpressyourlove?
•Writealoveletter.
•Sendalovemessage.
•Buyhim/herarose.
•Say“Iloveyou”.
•……
Translation
•涉外翻译要求信息必须准确、无误地进行传达，
•应遵循美国著名翻译家尤金·
奈达所提出的
•“功能对等”（FunctionalEquivalence）。
Numbers
OnlineCommunication
SpecificSitesofRhetoricalContrasts
inTechnicalCommunication
一位匈牙利人为申请一份在美国的工作的个人简历
Now,let’ssummarize
thekeypointsofthischapter!
Summary:
•describethedefinitionofcontrastiverhetoric;
•understandtherelationshipbetweenculture,languageandrhetoric;
•analyzegeneralsitesofrhetoricalcontrastsinbusinesscommunication;
•analyzespecificsitesofrhetoricalcontrastsinbusinesscommunication.
Assignment
•Finishtheexercises
•Reviewthe2chapters
•Previewchapter3and4
SeeYouNextTime
Whatisrhetoricmainlyabout?
Rhetoric
RhetoricP17
●Contrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacquisitionthatidentifiesproblemsincompositionencounteredbysecond-languagewritersand,byreferringtotherhetoricalstrategiesofthefirstlanguage,attemptstoexplainthem.
●Itstudiesstructureofwrittenmaterialabovethesentencelevel,andattachesgreatimportancetoculture’sinfluenceoncommunication.
●主要研究范围是探讨第二语言学习者的学术写作问题及文化的影响问题。
Culture,languageandRhetoric
●Itisbelievedthatthelinguisticandrhetoricalconventionsofthefirstlanguageinterferewithwritinginthesecondlanguage.
●借鉴母语修辞策略对第二语言学术写作问题进行解释。
G
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