英语语言学实用基础重点Word格式文档下载.docx

英语语言学实用基础重点Word格式文档下载.docx

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phatic（交际）,directive,interrogative,expressive,evocative,performative,interpersonal,metalinguistic,recreational（humor…）

M.A.K.Halliday:

Identical,interpersonal,textual

Anutteranceincontextfulfilsthethreemetafunctionssimultaneously

interpersonal:

所有的形容词，大部分的副词，明显特殊褒贬意味的动词或名词，不说die表示不愿意提及，委婉语，标点反映情感，（）为读者考虑，友好，“”反语，设问句、关联句使更容易理解，插图、表格辅助形式，1234小黑点，更清楚，字体字号，双语……

features

arbitrariness-任意性:

formandmeaning无关联

dualityofstructure,doublearticulation:

lowerlevel—meaninglesselements,higherlevel—meaningfulunits（words）

creativity（C.F.Hockett）:

（productivity）,constructionandinterpretationofnewsymbols,rule-governed

displacement-不受时空限制的特性:

canrefertoanythingabsentorpresent,constrainedneitherbytimenorbyspace

culturaltransmission-文化传播性:

notgeneticallyinherited,requiresomelearning

origin

bow-wow:

imitativeofsounds

pooh-pooh:

intenseemotions

ding-dong:

inresponsetoimpression,emittingappropriatevocalresponse

yo-he-ho:

underheavyexternalloads,emitnoisesfromone’svocaltract

ta-ta:

makegesturestocertainsituations,thetonguemightduplicatethemanualgestureandutterthesound

ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay:

ritualdanceandincantation

acquisitionoflanguage

mothertongue:

L1acquisition:

universallysuccessful,noexplicitinstruction,rapid（0-4yearsold）,conditional（exposure,criticalperiod–1.5-4yearsold,nomentaldeficiency）

stages

babblingperiod:

birth-6months,producesounds

syllabicspeechperiod:

8months,syllablesreplacebabbledsounds

single-wordstage:

1yearold,firstwords,nogrammar,carryoutsimplecommands

onsetofspeech:

18months,3-50words

two-wordutterancestage:

2yearsold,namemostthingsaround,creationoftwo-wordphrases

full-understandingstage:

2.5yearsold

nearadult-speech:

3yearsold,overgeneralizationofinflections

adultspeech:

4yearsold

attention:

vocabularyacquisitionlaststhroughoutourlife

complicatedconstructionslikepassivesareacquiredlate（10yearsold）

appropriateuse（inaccordancewithsocialconvenience—politeness,andconversationalroutines）oflanguagecomeslater

communicativecompetence:

parentalinstructionisnecessary

unit2SoundsofEnglish

organs:

breathingorgans（lung,bronchialtubes,windpipe）,larynx（喉）,pharynx（咽）,

speechsounds

vowelsandconsonants:

functionally:

basis,containatleastone

physically:

musical,consonantsarenoisy

articulatorily:

vowel:

airstreamnotobstructed,speechorgansaretense;

consonants:

totallyorpartiallyobstructed

phonetics（providesmethodsforthedescription,classification,andtranscriptionofthespeechsounds--articulatory,acoustic,auditory）&

phonology（音韵学）（patternsgoverningsoundcombinations—sequenceofphonemes音素）

sequentialrules:

1.s,2.p,t,k,3,l,r,w

possiblewordswithoutmeaning:

nonsensewords,lexicalgaps

phones,phonemes,allophones

phone（音素）:

没有意义

phonemes（音位）:

afamilyofsounds,phoneticallysimilar,slightlydifferent,minimalunitinthesoundsystemofalanguage,contrastiveinalanguage,distinctiveofmeaning,abstract,markedwith//

allophones:

predictablephoneticvariantsofthesamephonemes（t,th,tr,ts）

eachlanguagecanbeshowntooperatewitharelativelysmallnumberofphonemes（15-80）,notwolanguageshavethesamephonemicsystem

classifyvowels

heightofthetongue—high,mid,low

positionofhighestpartoftongue–front,central,back

degreeoflip-rounding—rounded,unrounded

lengthofarticulation—long,short

tensenessofthespeechorgan—tense,lax

purityofthevowel—pure,gliding（滑音）

classifyconsonants

mannerofarticulation—airpartiallyortotallyobstructed

pointofplaceofarticulation—lips,variouspartsofthetongue,teeth,alveolarridge（齿槽）,softandhardpalates（上颚）,vocalcords,glottis（声门）

syllables

let-CVC

nucleus:

onset—consonants

rime—nuclear—vowel

--coda（音节尾）—consonants

stress,tone,intonation

Englishisastress-timedlanguage

双音节词，重音一般落在第一个音节上，如果后一个音节有长元音或滑元音核心，就落在第二个上

三音节词，重音落在倒数第二音节或倒数第三音节上，

如果第二个音节是长元音或跟有两个或以上辅音，被称为strongsyllables

如果有一个短元音或lax元音，或只跟有一个辅音，为weaksyllables

三音节以及以上的词，除非倒数第二个音节weak，否则就是倒数

primary\secondary\tertiarystress

tones:

pitchvariations（Chinese）

languageusingtonesarecalledtonelanguage

intonation:

pitchandstressaretiedtothesentence（falling,rising,fall-rise）

Englishisanintonationlanguage

rhythm

intonationunits—feet—anextensionofmeter（patternofstressedandunstressedsyllables）

iambic:

抑扬格

trochaic:

扬抑格

dactylic:

扬抑抑格

anapestic:

抑抑扬格

minimalpairs

twowordsaredifferentinmeaning,differentonlyonephoneme,thephonememakesthetwowordsdifferentoccursinthesamephoneticenvironment

contrastivedistribution-对比分布:

bit,beit

complementarydistribution

distinctivefeatures

assimilationrule:

Asoundmaychangebyassimilating/copyingafeatureofasequential/neighboringsound

deletionrule:

Asoundmaybedeletedeventhoughitmaybeorthographically（拼写地）represented.

alliteration

rhyme:

sameterminalsound

unit3TheUnitsofEnglish

morpheme

smallestunitsofmeaninginEnglish,lexicalorgrammatical

bound/free

affix—prefix,infix,suffix/root

derivational（conveyinglexicalmeaning）/inflectional（conveyinggrammaticalmeaning）

Astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeattached;

itdefinesthebasicmeaningoftheworditmakesup.

e.g.lived,shortened,weaknesses,landlords

wordsandidioms

words:

basicunitsoflanguage

openclasses（noun,verb,adj,adv.）/closeclasses（pronouns,prep,auxiliaryverb,modalverb（情态动词）,particle,determiner（限定词））

affixation—unsuccessful,asleep,kingdom

conversion/functionshift—increase,hand（v.&

n.）,final

compounding/composition—makeup,greenhouse,outbreak,drop-out,boyfriend,sunshine,bad-mouth,overbook,fine-tune,white-collar

blending—smoke,fog,motel

back-formation—edit,televise

borrowing—toufu,freight（Dutch）,education（Latin）,cycle（Greek）,balloon（Italian）

acronym—NATO,SCUBA

initialism—USA

clipping/shortening—fridge,gas,burger

coinage—sandwich

analogy—zipper-gate,Watergate

derivation

Eponymy人名演变法（eponyms）—Volt,Watt

Toponymy地名演变法（toponyms）—Mississippi,Montana

Onomatopoeia拟声法（onomatopoeia）—hiss,buzz

Hierarchicalsystem:

（morpheme-）word-phrase-clause-sentence

idioms

allowinternalmodification—men-of-war

verbalidiomsliketakeoffconsistofaverb&

aparticlecommon

threeparts—missouton–AmericanEnglish

clausesandsentences

clause:

aunitoforganizationthatcontainsasubject-predicatestructure,finite/non-finite

simplesentence:

oneclause

coordinatesentence:

twoormoreclausesconjoinedbyand,or,so,orfor

complexsentence:

oneormoreclausesareembeddedintoamainclausetocommunicatepurpose,reason,time,place,manner,orconcession

declarative,imperative,exclamatory,interrogative—Yes-Noquestions,WH-questions,tagquestions,alternativequestions,rhetoricalquestions

sentence—subject,predicate（apredicateverb,anobject,adverbial（s）,complement）

Semantically,theminimalformthatexpressesacompletethought

Formally,notincludedinanylargerlinguisticform

Averylargepartoflanguageismadeupofprefabricatedchunks,orready-madeexpressions,phraseologicalunitswhichdonothavetobegeneratedeverytimetheyareused.

constructions

integrateform（combinationsofsyntactic-句法,morphological-形态的orprosodic-韵律的patterns）andmeaning（includesallweintendtocommunicate）inconventionalizedandoftennon-compositionalways

alltypesofexpressionsareequallycentraltocapturinggrammaticalpatterning

ditransitive-双宾语,dative-与格

unit5structuresofEnglish

paragraph

topicsentence（beginning,end,middle）

supportingsentences

exemplification,instantiation,comparison,contrast,cause-effectreasoning,definition,analogy,enumeration

text

awell-writtentextmustbeproperlyorganizedaroundacentralpurposeorcoherenttopic

narration（chronologicalorflashbacks,etc.aprimaryperspectiveandpointofviewiscentral）,argumentation（introduction,mainbody,conclusion）,description,exposition

cohesion

logically:

because,however,bycontrast,firstly…indicatehowtheprevioussentenceisconnectedwiththecurrentorevenfollowingsentences

grammatically:

ellipsis,referencelikehe,it,substitutionlikeso,do,repetitionwords,useofsynonyms,antonyms,metonyms-部分-整体关系,hyponyms-下位词,summarytermscontributestotheconnectednessoftheneighboringsentences

reference:

exophoricreference:

arelationbetweenanentityinthesituationalcontextandalinguisticiteminthetext

endophoricreference:

relationbetweentwolinguisticitemsinthesametext;

anaphoric-前指（involvesarelationbetweenaprecedingreferentialexpressionoranantecedent-先行词andthecurrentpronominal-代词的item）,cataphoric-后指（denotesarelationbetweenthecurrentpronominalitemandthelateroccurringexpression）.

turntaking

floor:

chancetospeak,maintainthefloororgiveupthefloor;

interrupttoseizethefloor,orwaittobenominatedbythecurrentspeaker,ortakehintsfromhim

initiation:

aquestionorrequest,bythe1stspeakerandresponse:

bythe2ndspeakerformanadjacencypair

responseispositive–preferred,negative—dispreferred（well,hesitationmarkerslikeerm,pauses,explanations,accounts）

amode