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5.ThechartshowsthenumberofroadaccidentsinBritainoveraperiodofsixyears.
6.ThelinegraphrevealstheamountoffastfoodconsumedbyAustraliateenagersovera25-yearperiodbetween1975and2000.
7.Thebarchartillustratesthepercentageofemployeesindifferentoccupationsabsentfromworkinagiverweekin2001.
8.Indicatorsofeconomicandsocialconditionsinfourcountries,Canada,Japan,PeruandZaire,in1994,
compliedbytheUN,reflectthegreatdifferencethatexistbetweenwealthierandpoorernature.
9.ThegraphcomparesthenumberofdeathscausedbuysixdiseasesinErewhomin1990withthe
amountofresearchfundingallocatedtoeachofthosediseases.Itcanbeclearlyseenthattheamountofresearchfundinginmanycasesdidnotcorrelatewiththeseriousnessofthediseaseintermsofnumbersofdeaths.
10.ThethreegraphsprovideanoverviewofthetypesofmusicpeoplepurchaseintheUK.Atfirst
glance.weseethatclassicalmusicisfarlesspopularthanpoporrockmusic.
II.Comparison
△TheSame
1.Thedifferenceinearningsofpeoplewithdifferentlevelsofeducationisverysmall.
2.ThesituationinAustraliaandNewZealandwassimilarinthattheimprisonmentratesfrom1930to1980remainedstable.
3.AsimilartrendwasseeninAsia.
4.Thedifferenceinearningsbetweenhighschoolleaversanduniversitygraduatesdiminishedafter
1995.average
5.By1999,coffeeconsumptioninChinastoodat992millioncups,almostequalthatofAmerica,whichstoodat1,090millioncupsperyear.
6.Thetrendwasvirtuallymirroredbystudyofthearts,whichincreasedsignificantlyfrom20%in1950-59,through25%tenyearslater,finallyreaching38%by1990-99.
7.Duringthefirstperiodofeachyear,thefiguresaveragedouttoaround300,000to350,000accidents.
8.Asimilarpatternisalsorecordedforboththefinance/bankinganddefense–relatedpublicsectors.△LargeDifference
1.Thereisasignificantdifferencebetweenallthreecountries.
2.Inthehighestexecutiveposition(GradeA),womenrepresentonlyabout85oftheworkers.Thisstands
inmarkedcontrasttothe92%ofmenrepresentedinthisjobcategory.
3.Thisisinstarkcontrastwith1945whenonly30%ofgirlscompletedprimaryschool,35%hadno
schoolingatalland35%onlycompletedthethirdgrade.
4.Whenchildrenenterthehousehold,however,theinequalitybecomesevenmorepronounced.
5.CanadadiffersfromtheUnitedStatesbecausethefiguresreachedapeakof120peopleinathousandin1930.
6.Incontrast,almosttheoppositeoccurredwithbusiness.
7.Infact,thehighertheposition,thehigherthepercentageofmenrepresentedinthecategory.In
comparison,woman’srepresentationisinverselyproportionaltothemen’ssothatthehigherthecategory,thelowerthepercentageofwomentobefound.
8.Interestalsodropsoffaftertheageof35withaneversharperfallfromage45onwards,apatternwhich
istheoppositetotheclassicalmusicgraph.
△LessThan
1.EarningforpeoplewithaBachelor’sdegreewasslightlylessthanpeoplewithaMaster’sofDoctoraldegree.
2.Thefiguresrevealthathamburgersarethemostpopularfastfood,pizzacomingaclosesecond.
3.Inaword,Americahasthehighestrateofimprisonment,followedbyEuropeandfinallyAustralia.
4.AlthoughtherateofimprisonmentinNewZealandfell,itwasoutmatchedbytheUnitedState’s.
5.TheincreaseinearningforthewholeperiodwaslessforpeoplewithaBachelor’sdegree(£60)than
forpeoplewithaMaster’sorDoctoraldegree(£70).
△MoreThan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.Thereweremoremalesthanfemales(5%and10%respectively).Thesefigureswereoverwhelminglygreaterthanthecorrespondingfiguresof$160inPeruand$130inZaire.PeopleworkinginthecomputerindustryinChinaexceededthatofBritainintheyear2000.In1970and2000,morepeopledidmanuallaborinBritainthaninChina.In1960,theUnitedState’simprisonmentwasintheprocessofbeingdeveloped.Yetitstilloutnumberedtheothercountries.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesexperiencedadeclineinimprisonmentrates,itstillremainedaheadofCanada.WewouldexpecttoseethatcoffeedrinkersinAmericafaroutweighthoseinChinawhich,infactisthecase.Incases,teenagers,andretiredpeoplespendaroundtwiceasmuchtimeasthosewhoareatworking
age.
△AvoidingRepetition
III.OverallTrend
1.Therewasanoverallincreaseinearningsacrosstheboard.
2.Femalesmokerssawtheoppositetrend.
3.Theincreaseinmalesmokerscorrespondswithadeclineinfemalesmokers.
4.ThegeneraltrendisthattheamountofTVwatchedincreaseswithage.Whilewomenshowedasteadyincrease,malesmokersdroppedsharplyafter1980,butbeganasteadyincreaseagainafter1990.PeopleworkinginthecomputerindustryinChinaexceededthatofBritainintheyear2000.Thenumberofmalesmokersin1960stoodat215,comparedto16%ofthefemalepopulation.
5.Chinaexperiencedadeclineinagriculturalandmanualwork,andasignificantriseincomputer-relatedwork.
6.FarlesssignificantchangetookplaceinBritainwiththeexceptionofasignificantdeclineinmanualjobs.
7.Therewasasteadyincreaseincomputeruseinallcategories.
8.Mostcomputerusageisforbusinessorpleasurepurposes.
9.Thetrendcontinuedthrough1970.
10.Overall,therewasadeclineinmalesmokers.
11.Apartfromadeclineinthe31to45agegroup,overall,Americasawasteadyclimbafterabout21,from18%to40%.
12.Allfourcontinentssawageneralpopulationgrowth.
13.AsimilartrendwasseeninAsia.
IV.Increase
△BigIncrease
1.Thebiggestchangeoccurredintheperiod1985to1995,whenhighschoolgraduatesenjoyedthe
greatestincreaseinearnings.
2.Overthethirty-yearperiod,therewasabigincreaseinearningsamongstpeoplewithhighschool
certificates(£85).
3.Chinaexperiencedasignificantriseincomputer-relatedwork.
4.Therewasadramaticincrease,in1970,inthenumberofuniversitygraduates.
5.Japanexperiencedamassiveincreaseincarownershipinthe1930s.
6.TherewasasignificantdifferenceinthemoneypeoplespentonCDsintheNorthernTerritoriesbetweenAugustandSeptember,from25%to48%.
7.Thegreatestdifferenceoccurredbetween1940and1950inBrazil.
8.After1940,therewasasignificantincreaseinthenumberofimprisonments,reaching90thousandin
1980,athree-foldincreasefrom1930.
9.InGreatBritain,in1930,imprisonmentfiguresstoodat30,000.However,theyincreasedthreefold,to
90,000by1980.
10.Threeyearslater,in1996,bothcountriessawamarkedincrease.
11.Infact,1997sawahugeincreasefrom329,000accidentsinthefirstquartertoamassive764,000accidentsduringthesecondquarter.
12.Fromthistimeonwards,energydemandclimbeddramaticallyfro,twounitsofenergyin1996andisprojectedtoreachsevenunitsintheyear2019.
13.Itincreasedsubstantiallyatthebeginningoftheyear.
△SmallIncrease
1.Duringthesameperiod,peoplewithaDoctoraldegreeincreasedtheirearningsbytheleastamount.
2.TheNorthernTerritories,duringthefirstpartoftheyear,experiencedaslightincreasefrom10%inJanuaryto15%inMarch.
3.PeopleholdingaBachelor’sdegreeonlymanagedamodestincreaseof£5perweek,reachinga
levelof£145in1995.
4.Thenumberofmeninthesectorroseonlymarginallyfrom425,000to480,000inthesameperiod.△Gradual/SteadyIncrease
1.Therewasagradualincreaseinearningamongstpeoplewithauniversitydegree.
2.Whilewomenshowedasteadyincrease,malesmokersdroppedsharplyafter1980,butbegana
steadyincreaseagainafter1990.
3.Therewasasteadyincreaseincomputeruseinallcategories.
4.Indiaexperiencedasteadyrisebetween1940and1960.
5.FollowingaslumpinsalesduringApriltoJune,Queenslandsawasteadyriseinspendingbetween
JulyandOctober.
6.In1990,thenumberofmalesmokersdiminishedsignificantlytoonly13%,whilstthenumberof
femalesmokersrosesteadilyto22%.
7.Apartfromadeclineinthe31to45agegroup,overall,Americasawasteadyclimbafterabout21,
from18%to40%.
△SharpIncrease
1.TherewasasharpincreaseintheUSAin1970from5millionto8million.Therewasasecond
significantincreasein1990to11million,followedbyamassiveleapto24millionin2000.
2.MobilephoneuseincreasedinbigleapsinJapan,reachingapeakof32millionin1990.
3.Mobilephoneusedoubledto2millionin1980,followedbyasuddenandmassiveincreaseto17millionin1990.
4.Earningsingeneralrosesharplybetween1965and1995.
5.Japanremainedmuchlowerthanothercountries,fluctuatingbetween6%and14%duringthewhole
period.Theexceptionbeingafterabout55yearsofage,whenthere