英语论文莎士比亚悲剧故事中男主角的悲剧大分析文档格式.docx

英语论文莎士比亚悲剧故事中男主角的悲剧大分析文档格式.docx

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Takencollectively,theyestablishShakespeareastheforemostliterarytalentofhisownElizabethanAgeand,evenmoreimpressively,asageniuswhosecreativeachievementhasneverbeensurpassedinanyage.

HiscreationsreflecttheBritishpolitics,ideology,culture,customsandtraditionsforawiderangeoftime.HisplaysoccupyanimportantpositionintheEuropeantheaterdevelopmentorliterarydevelopment，histragedyevenreachitspeaklevelinthehistoryoftheworldliterature.

ThisarticlewillstartwiththeculturaloriginsofShakespeare'

screation,toanalyzethetragicfiguresandthesubjectivesenseofthemaleprotagonistswhichleadtheminachievingthesametragicendingstowardlife,showingthesimilaritiesofthemaleprotagonistsinShakespeareantragedies,andexplainthefeaturesofthehumanitiesandthesocialrealitiesofEuropeanRenaissance.

KeyWords:

Shakespeare;

maleprotagonists;

tragicallife

TableofContents

1Introduction………………………………………………………1

1.1AbriefintroductionofWilliamShakespeareandhisliteraryachievements………………………………………………………1

1.2Abriefintrductionofthefourtragdies……………………3

2Thesimilaritiesofthe4maleprotagonists………………………4

2.1Theirsimilarfamilybackground……………………………4

2.2Theirsimilarlifeexperience…………………………………6

2.3Theirsimilartragicending………………………………….11

3Thereasonsfortheirtragicending………………………………14

3.1Theircharacters……………………………………………..14

3.2Theirsocialbackground……………………………………19

4Conclusion…………………………………………………………21

References……………………………………………………………23

1Introduction

1.1AbriefintroductionofWilliamShakespeareandhisliteraryachievements

WilliamShakespeare,Englishpoet,dramatist,andactor,oftencalledtheEnglishnationalpoetandconsideredbymanytobethegreatestdramatistofalltime.

ShakespearewasborninStratford-on-Avon,asmalltowntothenorthwestofLondon.Hisfatherwasaburgher,awell-to-doglovemakerandlaterbecameanaldermanofthetown.Shakespearehaveattendedthegrammarschoolofthetownwherehehavelearned“littleLatinandlessCreek”,asnotedbyhiscontemporaryBenJohnson.FromvariousrecordsitisclearthathisfatherJohnShakespeare,havingenjoyedprosperityinbusinessforsometime,becamelessprosperousandShakespearehavehelpedhiminhisbutcher’sshop.AbonddatedNov.26,1582,affordsclearevidencethatShakespearemarriedwithAnnaHathawayofStratford.AtthistimeShakespearewasonlyeighteen,andthebridewaseightyearsolder.Itwasahurriedmarriage，aforcedmarriageandanill-matchedone,becausetheirfirstchildSusannawaschristenedonMay26,1583，onlysixmonthsaftertheirmarrage..In1584Shakespearelefthisnativetown.Thenuntil1592whenhereappearedasarisingactor.Duringtheperiodheissaidtohavewanderedthroughthecountry,finallycomingtoLondon,whereheperformedvariousmeanjobs,evenincludingholdinghorsesatatheater.ThemostrecentattempttobridgethegapinhislifeisasuggestionthathehavespentmuchofthetimeintheLowCountriesinserviceinthearmiesoftheEarlofLeicester.

TheearliestrecordofShakespeare’scareerisareferenceinRobertGreene’sessayinwhichShakespeareismentionedas“anupstartcrow…inhisownconceittheonlyshakesceneinacountry.”In1594hisnameappearedonthepayrollofLordChamberlain’scompanyofactors,orLordChamberlain’smenattheGlobeTheatre.

Shakespeare’scareerasanactorandplaywrightstretchedformorethantwentyyears.Manyofhisplayswerepopularandquiteanumberofthemwerepublishedinhislifetimewithouthisknowledge.Afterhisdeathacollectionofhisplays,37inall,werepublishedinfolioformbytwoofhisfriendsin1623.IntheearlyyearsofhiscareerShakespearewasashareholderintheplayhouse.In1611or1612,heretiredorpartlyretiredfromLondonandwentbacktoliveinhisnativetown.Hisrisingpretensionduringtheyearsofhissuccessmaybeindicatedbythefactthatheboughtacoatofarmsforhisfatherin1596.HediedinStratfordin1616.

Shakespeare’swritingcareermayberoughlydividedintofourstages

Theearlyyearswereyearsofhisapprenticeship,datingfrom1592to1594.Duringthisperiodhewrotehisearlyhistoryplaysorhistoriesandagroupofcomedies.TheyareKingHenryVIinthreeparts（1590-1592）,RichardIII（1593）,TwoGentlemenofVerona（1594）,andLove’sLaborLost（1594）.Thisisaperiodofexperimentation.Itismarkedbyimitationofexistingplays,bythespiritofyouthfulnessandrichimagination,byexaggeratedlanguageandbythefrequentuseofrhymedcouplets.

Thesecondperiodisaperiodofrapidgrowthanddevelopment,datingfrom1595to1600.SuchplaysasMidsummerNight’sDream（1595）,RomeoandJuliet（1596）,TheMerchantofVenice（1597）,thetwopartsofHenryIV（1597-1598）,AsYouLikeit（1598）,JuliusCaesar（1599）,andHenryV（1599）,wereallwritteninthisperiod.Theyshowmorecarefulandartisticwork,betterplot,andamarkedincreaseintheknowledgeofhumannature.

Thethirdperiodisaperiodofgloomanddepression,datingfrom1601to1608.Itisaperiodofhistragedies,suchasHamlet（1601）,Othello（1604）,KingLear（1605）,andMacbeth（1605）.

Thefourthperiodisaperiodofrestoredserenity,from1608to1612.Itisaperiodofcalmafterstorm,withsuchplaysasTheWinter’sTale91610）andTheTempest（1611）.

Shakespearewasnotonlyagreatdramatist,butalsoagreatpoet.Apartfromhissonnetsandlongpoems,hisdramasarepoetry.Theyarerichinimages,conceit,metaphorsandsymbols.Hewaswellversedinwritinglyricalverseaswellaspoetryofgreatpassionandagony.Hisstylevarieswiththedifferentmoodsheexpressed.Itcanbelyrical,poetical,ecstatic,pathetic,cynical,sarcastic,andironic.

1.2Abriefintroductionofthefourtragedies

ThefourTragediesofShakespeareincludingHamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,whicharethemostfamousworksofShakespeareantragedies.AndthefourstoriesarelegendsfromthehistoryofEurope.

1.2.1ContentsofHamlet

HamlettellusastoryaboutHamlet,princeofDenmark,whenhehomefunerals,theghostofhisfathersaidthathewasnotdiedofnormalreason,andurgedHamlettorevengeforhim.Howeverbeforeanyaction,Hamletpretendedthathewascrazy,andarranged‘playintheplay’,inordertoconfirmthatthenewkingkilledtheold.Afterkilledtheministerbymistake,Hamletwassentabroad.Asheknewthenewking’sthoughtinadvance,hehalf-wayturnedback.Thenthenewkingpreparedexoticwineandarrow,provokingaduelbetweenHamletandthesonoftheminister,andplanedtokillHamlet.Intheend,thethreeofthemdiedtogether,andHamlet’smotheralsodiedaccidentallybecausetheVenom.

1.2.2ContentsofOthello

OthellotoldusastoryaboutthegeneralofVenice,Othello,whoisalsoaMoral;

hefellinlovewiththeoldgeneral’sdaughterDesdemona.HowevertheyhadtofightagainstthedisagreementofDesdemona’sfamilybeforetheybecametobehusbandandwife.Thentheywenttothewarplacetogether.However,justbecausepersonalemotiontoOthello,Iago,asoldierunderOthellotoldalieandsaidthatDesdemonahashadrelationshipwithothersoldierandwasnothonest.Othellobelievedthelieandkilledhiswife.Intheend,theliewasbroke,andOthellowassoregretthathekilledhimself.

1.2.3ContentsofMacbeth

MacbethisastoryofMacbeth,thegeneralofScotland.Hewasinspiredbythewitchandkilledthekingundertheinspirationandhiswife’swords.Thenhealwaysdreambaddreamswithanabnormalemotion,andsowashiswife.Atlast,hiswifekilledherselfinacrazymood.AndfinallytheprinceofScotlandcalledawartofightwithMacbeth,Macbethfailedanddied.

1.2.4ContentsofKingLear

KingLearisastoryofLear,thekingofBritain.Atfirst,hedividedthewholecountyintothreeparts,thinkingofanaverageinhibition.Thetruthwasthathegaveallhispropertytotwoofhiselderdaughters,justbecausehewascheatedbythebeautifulwordsofthetwo.Astothesmalldaughter,shehadtoleavehercountyandmarriedwiththeprinceofFrancefarawayjustbecauseshewashonestandloyal.Insteadofahappylife,KingLearexperiencedaverytoughtimeanddiedofemotionalandphysicalpanic.

2Thesimilaritiesofthe4maleprotagonists

2.1Similarfamilybackground

NomatteritisHamlet,Macbeth,KingLear,orOthello,theyareallbornintofamilieswithprivilegeandpower.

2.1.1Hamlet’sfamilybackground

HamletistheprinceofDenmark,andthenewking,hisunclesaid:

“weprayyou…thinkofus

Asofafather:

forlettheworldtakenote,

Youarethemostimmediatetoourthrone;

Andwithnolessnobilityoflove

Thanthatwhichdearestfatherbearshisson，

DoIimparttowardyou.

……

Andwebeseechyou,bendyoutoremain

Here,inthecheerandcomfortofoureye,

Ourchiefestcourtier,cousin,andourson.”（Hamlet,actonescenetwo,1999）

AlthoughHamlet’sfatherhasdied,andthenewkingishisuncle,hestillhasallthethingsheshouldhaveasaprince.Hispositionhasneverchanged;

heevenhasmorelovehecanreceivefromhisunclethanfromhisfather.Heisthemostimmediatetobeaking;

hehasnolessnobility,thestateofbeingnoble;

heisthechiefestcourtier,cousin,andson.Hecanhasthesamepos