博士研究生入学考试英语试题Word文档格式.docx

博士研究生入学考试英语试题Word文档格式.docx

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I．ReadingComprehension（30%;

onemarkeach）

Directions:

Readthefollowingsixpassages.Answerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

Passageone

Speechissofamiliarafeatherofdailythatwerarelypausetodefineit.Itseemsasnaturaltomanaswalkingasandonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment’sreflectiontoconvinceusthatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insoberfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatterfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusageisnotseriouslybroughtintoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalheredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,theveryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobeprimarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Insveryrealsense,thenormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearntheart,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirthtotakeonallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalking.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman.

Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk,butthatisdunentirelytothecircumstancethatheisborninthelapofasocietythatiscertaintoleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthereisaeveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,ifindeed,hesurvivesatall.Butifitisjustascertainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsystemofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmentintowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyforeignone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhisnewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelyatvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenissgeneralhumanactivitythatvariesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabilityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfromsocialgrouptosocialgroup,theproductoflong-continuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortsvaries-----norasconsciously,perhaps,butnonethelessastrulyasdothereligions,thebenefits,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeople.Walkingisanorganic,aninstinctive,function;

speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,“cultural”function.

1,ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,“Notsolanguage”,istheclosetinmeaningto-----------.

AThisisnotthecasewithlanguage

BSoislanguageandnotanythingelse

CNosuchathingexistsinlanguage

DNotsomuchwithlanguage

2,Therealdifferentbetweentheabilitytowalkandtheabilitytotalkisthat---------------.

Atheformerislikebreathingwhilethelatterisnot

Btheformerdoesnotrequiresocialinteractionwhilethelatterdoes

Ctheformerrequiresmuscularmovementwhilethelatterdoesnot

Dtheformerispredestinedwhilethelatterisnot

3,whichofthefollowingisNOTanideaoftheauthor?

Alanguageisbiologicallyprogrammedbuthastobeacquiredlateron

Bonlywhenachildgrowsupinacommunitycanbeacquiredtalk

CLanguageinteractionisawaytoimpartculture

DFormaleducationisnecessaryforthelearningoflanguage

4,Whentheauthorsaysthevariabilityofwalking“ispurposeless”,hemeansthat---------.

Aanypersonwhowalkswouldnothaveapurpose

Binallculturepeoplewalkaimlessly

Cculturedoesaffectsthewayspeoplewalk

Dpurposeinwalkingvarieswithone’sability

5,Theauthorwrotethispassageinorderto-------.

AargueforapointBprovideinformation

CnarratealegendDdebatewithhisrival

PassageTwo

TheobserverdoesnothavetolookfartodiscoverthatWesternsocietyisyouthorientedandyouthworshiping.Thephenomenonshowsitselfinmanyways.First,adultsdoalltheycantobeyouthfulandtoremainyoungbecauseoldageisfearedandyouthfulnessadmired.BeautyandcosmeticIndustrieshavemadebillionsofdollarsbyencouragingthisemulationofagelessness.

Second,muchofwhatparentsdoisfortheiryoung.Thousandsofparentsmakedullysacrificesfoetheirchildren.Thenumerousbenefitsheapeduponchildrenareevident.Manymotherssay:

“Iwouldgivemylifeformychildren.”Thisfeelingdoesnotapplytoallparents,butitappliestoenoughofthemtobeproofpositivethattoday’sadultscareabouttheiryoungpeople.

Third,mostadultssaythatthemajorityofyouthtodayare“prettygoodkids”.Thispointofviewcanbefairlywellsustained.Moststudiesthatfocusonnormaladolescentsagreethatthemajorityarenotproblems,notinturmoil,notdeeplydisturbed,notatthemercyoftheirimpulses,norresistanttoparentalvalues,notpoliticallyactive,andnotrebellious.InarecentGalluppoll,97%oftheteenssaidtheygotalongwiththeirparentseitherverywellorfairlywell.Only3%saidtheydidnotgetalongatallwell.Sometimes,parentscarryapositiveviewoftheirteenagerstoanover-idealizedextreme.Theyrefusedtobelievetheirchildrenareeveratfaultorevercapableofdoingwrong,andtheytendtoattackandfriend,teacher,ortownofficialwhotriestotellthemotherwise.Despitethisover-idealizationmostyouthsarenotproblems----tothemselvesortotheircommunities.Misconceptionsareformedbyfocusingonlyonthedrug-addicted,delinquent,anddisturbedoronthesocialrebelswhoareinfactaminority.

Finally,althoughmostyouthsarenotactivistrebelslikethoseofthelate1960s,andearly1970s,youthfulidealismisstillmuchinevidence.Adolescentsaremuchconcernedaboutsocialissuessuchasjuvenilecrime,drugabuse,theenergycrises,unemployment,women’sliberation,materialismandindifferenceinsociety,pollution,andtheenvironment.Theyalsoshowgenuineconcernfortheunderdog,indicatedbytheirfrequentpoliticalalliancewithblacksorthepoor.Theywillgivegenerosityandworkhardtohelpthestarvingoverseasorwillcometothedefenseofconvictedcriminalsistheyfeeltheircauseisjust.Clergyandothercaringadultsapplaudyouthswhojointhe“love”generationtofindmoremeaningfulrelationshipsthanthosebetweentheirparentsathomeorbetweenbusinesselementsinahighlycompetitivesociety.Theseadultsemphasizethatparentsoughtnottobecriticaloftheiryoungforhatingcorruption,injustice,orsuperficialvalues.Althoughtheyarealittleawedbyyouthswhowillworkformonthstokeepawildnessareafrombeingruinedbydevelopers,value-orientedadultstellparentstoadmiretheiryoungandadmitthattheiractivitiesaremoreworthwhilethanswallowgoldfishorseeinghowmanykidscancrowdthemselvesintoatelephonebooth.

6,By“youthworshiping”,theauthorexpressedtheideathatinWesternsocietytheadults---------.

AworshiptheyoungpeopleBareallreligiousbelievers

CdesiretostayyoungDworshipGodliketheyouth

7,Accordingtothepassage,teenagersinWesternsocietyare---------.

Aunmotivatedstudentsinschools

Bsympatheticwiththeunfortunate

Chighlycompetitiveonthejobmarkets

Dequippedwithallkindsofvalues

8,WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageEXCEPTthat------.

AYoungpeoplearemoreactivethanadultsinprotectingtheirenvironment.

Bamajorityoffamiliesliveinpeaceandharmony

Cadultsusedtobelievethatadolescentsarerebellious

Ditisnotrightforaadulttocriticizetheyouths

9,whichofthefollowingisthebestparaphraseoftheideaofthelastsentenceofthepassage?

AYouthsmaynotgotoofarintheirsocialactivities,butthat’sbetterthantheirdoingmischievousthingsorwastingtheirtime

BYouthsmayopposedevelopment,andthat’sworthwhilebecausegoldfishandtelephonebootharefarlessimportant

CYouthsareenvironmentprotectionists,buttheymayalsocausedamagetowildlifeortopublicproperties.

DYouthsstaytoolonginwilderness,sincetheylongthingsinnatureinsteadofgoldfishortelephoneboothsinmoderncities.

10,Mostlikely,theadultsofthispassageis---------.

AasociologistBalovingparent

CapoliticalofficialDaclergyman

PassageThree

Crocodilesareincrediblystrong,agileandaggressive.Theyaremeritlessandit’stheirnaturetobebrutal.Theyareestimatedtokillupto200peopleperyearinAfricaandtheycaneatuptohalftheirbodyweightinonemeal.ThisiswhyinBurkinaFaso,thelakesideBazoulevillageisfamousforitsuniquetradition.

Formanygenerationsthevillagershavelivedharmoniouslywithabout200wildcrocodiles.Crocodileshaveremainedthesameforover200millionsyears.Theyarefearedandavoidedbyhumansandanimalsalike.ButtthepeopleofBazoulereverethesacredcrocodilesinthelake.ThisuniquetraditionstartedmanygenerationsagoatatimewhenthepeopleofBazoulewerefacingagreatdroughtandtherewasnowater.Womenusedtowalk40kilometerssearchingforwater.Thecrocodileslivedapartandtherewasnoco-habitationbetweencrocodilesandthepeopleofBazoule.

Legendsaysthatonedaythewomenwerepassingclosetothecrocodilesandonewomanattemptedtocollectwaterinthe