英语辩论赛技巧外研社辩论赛思辨和语言训练Word文件下载.docx
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Withaudience.
e）Gesture:
Natural,appropriate.
f）Sincerity:
Believability.
g）PersonalAttacks:
（derogatorycommentsarenottobetolerated）.
h）Humor:
Effectiveness,appropriateness.
METHOD辩论方法
Themajorinfluenceonanadjudicatormustbe:
‘Isthespeaker’sandteam’sMethodEFFECTIVEinadvancingthecase?
’
a）Organization:
Thestructuringofindividualargumentsandorderingofcollectiveargumentsinthespeeches.
b）IssueSelection:
Theidentificationofrelevantpointsofclashintheround.
c）Perspective:
Theabilitytoexplaintherelevanceofindividualargumentstothemotionbeingargued.
d）Refutation:
Thewillingnessandabilitytoengageandcritiquethepointsofferedbytheopposingteam.
e）Teamwork:
Thedegreetowhichthemembersofateamworktogethertocollectivelyadvanceastrategy.
HowtoChooseMotions?
Prioritizationof3MotionsGivenBasedon:
a）KnowledgeResourceofTeammembers
Howmuchdoweknowofthisissue?
b）DebatingPositionsofYourTeam
WhatadvantagewillwehavewiththismotionasGovernment/Oppositionteam?
c）KnowledgeofOpposingTeam’sstatus
Whatarethestrengths/weaknessesofourOpponentsinthisdebate?
CaseConstructioninvolves:
DefiningtheMotion&
CreatingArgumentsthatsupportit:
DefiningtheMotionmeans
a）Clearlystatingmeaningsof“keyterms”
E.g.“ThisHousebelievesthatprofessionalathletesaregoodrolemodelsforChineseyouth.”
b）EstablishTeamLine（BaseLine）&
Split:
Motion
（THBTtheworldisaglobalvillage）
TeamLine/BaseLine/Stance
Becauseoftheexistenceofinterdependenceandcommoninterest
Spilt/CaseDivision
Thisistrueinthea）socialarena,b）geopoliticalrealmandc）economicsphere
c）CreatingArgumentsthatsupportit
wPrioritizetheArgumentswiththestrongestpresentedfirsttoproveglobalinterdependenceandgrowingcommoninterest:
wArgument1（1stSpeaker）
wSocialArena--evidence,casestudies,statistics,trendanalysis,etc
wArgument2（1stSpeaker）
wGeopolitics--ditto
wArgument3（2ndSpeaker）
wGlobalEconomics--ditto
w3rdSpeakersmustnotcarrynewarguments
SettingOppositionCase
wProposing“StatusQuo”
“Whychangewhenthingsarefinenow…”
wOfferinga“CounterProposal”
“Ourplanworksbetterthanyours….’
wProvide“PositiveObjections”
“Yoursdoesnotworkandwillbeharmfulto…”
w**Oppnneedstohaveteamline,split,prioritizedargumentsin1stand2ndSpeakerstoo!
RefutationStrategies
wWhatareRebuttals?
ArgumentsraisedinresponsetoOppn’sarguments.ComprisesanalysisofwhyOppniswrong,isconsistentwithowncase,aswellsupport/reinforceownteamline
wHowtodoit?
Statewhatargumentisrebutted,explainflaw（s）inargument,supportitwithevidence.examples,casestudies,andfinallylinkingitrelevantlytoyoursideofthetopic.
RebuttingPartsofArguments
w1.FactualError:
Yourargumentisfactuallywrong
“Yourstatistics/example/casestudiesarewrongbecause….”
w2.Yourargumentisnotsupportedbyanyevidence
“Youmerelyassertedthat...withoutprovidinganyrelevantexamples…”
w3.Theconsequencesofyourargumentarenotacceptable（morally,socially,etc）
w“Howcouldyoubansmokinginpubswhenitviolatestherightofthesmokerandhisfriendstosocializetogether…”
w4.NotImportant:
Yourargumentiscorrectbuthaslittleweightinthisdebate
w“Yourpolicyhelpsontheminority,thesmokers,butwhataboutthemajorityofthenon-smokerswhohavetoinhalesecond-handsmokeinpubs…”
w5.Yourargumentisillogical–theconclusionsdonotfollowfromthepremises
w“YouclaimthatbanningcigaretteadvertisementsonTVwillcausemoreyoungpeopletosmokeasitmakessmokingmoremysteriousandenticing,likeaforbiddenfruit,butIsubmittoyouthattheoppositeismorelikelytobetrue:
banningasteadystreamofadvertisementsdepictingsmokingasglamorous/attractivewillREDUCEthenumberofyoungpeoplewhosmoke.”
w6.NotRelevant/Irrelevant:
w“Thefactthatsmokingcausescancerisnotrelevanttothisdebatebecausetheissueathandistherightofindividualcitizenstomakeinformedchoicesconcerningtheirownpersonalhealth….”
w7.ContradictioninOpponents’Arguments
wPointoutthatthespeakers/teamarenotclearabouttheirowncase.Tobeabletocatchtheopponentscontradictingthemselvesrequiresgoodtrackingskills,thatis,skillsingoodnote-takingandActiveListening.
w8.Failuretoperformroles/responsibilitiesdeclared
wPM:
“TototallydestroytheOppositionandwintoday’sdebate,theGovernmentwilldothefollowing3things:
wshowthatwomenarestrongerthanmen
wshowthatwomenaresmarterthanmen
wshowthatwomenarewiserleadersthanmen
wtoprovethatwomenaretrueheroesoftheNewMillennium.”
wTodamagetheopponents,pointouttheirfailuretocovertheareastheypromisedtogooverinthePM’sspeech.
RebuttingtheCaseasaWhole
wTobreakdownthecaseoftheopponents,itisnotenoughtorebuteach/all/randomargumentsputforthbythem.
wWinningadebatewillrequireyoutosystematicallybreakdownateam’scase.
Herearethequestions/pointstoconsider
w1Whatistheirapproachtothecase?
Isitflawed?
Why?
w2Whattasksdidtheysetthemselves?
Didtheyaddressthem?
Whatproblemsarethereinthewaytheyaddressthem?
w3Whatisthegeneralemphasisofthecase?
Whatassumptionsaremade?
Cantheyberefuted?
w4Whatarethekeyargumentsoftheotherside?
Howcantheybeshowntobeflawed?
w5.Focusonidentifyingthekeyissues/argumentswhichareusedtosupportthecaseoftheopponentsandthensystematicallybreakingthemdownbyshowingthattheycannotstanduptoscrutiny.
w**Donottrytoshootdownallexamples/argumentsastherewillnotbeenoughtime,andisunsystematic.
PointofInformation（POI）
wPOIsarecommentsmadebymembersdirectedatthespeechof
wthememberholdingthefloor;
POIshouldbebrief,pertinentand
wpreferablywitty.Pointsoforderandpointsofpersonalprivilege
wareprohibited.
Offering&
RespondingtoPointsofInformation（POIs）
wAPOIcanbeaQuestionoraStatement/Clarification/Contradictionandshouldnottakemorethan15seconds
wEachSpeakerisstronglyencouragetoAcceptatleast2POIs
wAllteammembersshouldtrytogivePOIswithoutbeingdisruptive
HowPOIsofferedarejudged
w1.Thethreattheyposetothestrengthoftheargumentofthedebater,
w2.Valueofitswitandhumour
HowPOIstakenarejudged
w1.PromptnessandConfidenceinanswering
w2.StrengthoftheResponse
w3.Valueofwitandhumour
“pleaseanswermyquestion”“mydearfriend”
wWethinkthisistremendouswasteofyourwordsbyalwayssaying“mydearfriends”,“pleaseanswermyquestions”sobluntly.
考核要求及标准
w辩论技巧：
辩手语言是否流畅，说理、分析是否透彻，反驳和应变能力是否强，说服力和逻辑性是否强。
w内容：
论点和论据内容是否正确、充实，引用资料和实例是否恰当。
w风度和幽默感：
辩手的表情、动作是否恰当，是否有风度及幽默感。
w自由辩论：
各队在自由辩论中的识辩能力、说明能力和逻辑性是否强，接句是否合适，回答是否中肯，反驱是否有力、有理，反应是否机敏，用语是否得体。
w整体合作：
全队各辩手的论点是否一致，结构是否完整，队员之间的配合、合作是否默契。
w个人表现：
全队每个辩手的参与度如何，全队辩手的整体实力是否强。
附：
上交辩论素材形式模版
Topic：
WorldGovernmentsShouldConductSeriousCampaignsAgainstSmoking
Theargument:
keywords
1.Definitelink:
smokingandbronchialtroubles,heartdisease,lungcancer.
2.Governmentshear,see,smell,noevil.
3.Afewgovernments:
timidmeasures.
4.E.g.Britain:
TVadvertisingbanned;
nation’sconscienceappeased;
cancerousdeath.
5.Officialreactionstomedicalfindings:
lukewarm.
6.Tobacco:
sourceofrevenue.E.g.Britain:
tobaccotaxpaysforeducations.
7.Ashort-sightedpolicy.
8.Enormoussumsspentfightingthedisease;
liveslost.
9.Smokingshouldbebannedaltogether.
10.Wearenotreadyforsuchdrasticaction.
11.Butgovernments,ifreallyconcerned,shouldconductaggressiveanti-smokingcampaigns.
12.Thetobaccoindustryspendsvastsumsonadvertising.
13.Advertising:
insidious,dishonest.
14.Nevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinguplungs,onlyvirileyoungmen.
15.Smokingassociatedwithgreatopen-airlife,beautifulgirls,togetherness,Nonsense!
16.Alladvertisingshouldbebanned;
anti-smokingcampaignconducted.
17.Smokingshouldbebannedinpublicplaces.
18.Youngpeopleshouldbewarned,direconsequences.
19.Warning
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