河工大双语 双语2Word格式文档下载.docx
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A)MacroNutrients(宏量营养素)
1.Protein:
AminoAcid(20kinds).蛋白质:
氨基酸(20种).
2.LipidsandFats:
Fat,Lecithoid,Cholesterin…
脂类:
脂肪、磷脂、胆固醇…
3.Carbohydrates:
Mono-,Oligo-,Poly-saccharides,andFibre
碳水化合物:
单糖,低聚糖2(2-20DP),多糖,膳食纤维.
4.Water:
水.
B)TraceNutrients(微量营养素)
5.Minerals:
(Inorganics,17kinds),Ca,Zn,Fe
矿物质:
(无机盐,17种)钙、锌、铁....
6.Vitamins:
FatSolubleVits(4kinds),WaterSolubleVits(10kind
维生素(14种):
脂溶性(A,D,E,K),水溶性(B族9种+Vc.
43:
Classificationandpropertiesofcarbohydrate
Classification:
1单糖Monosaccharides,C6(H2O)6
葡萄糖Glucose(bloodsugar,grapesugar,dextrose)C6H12O6
果糖Fructose(levulose)C6H12O6
半乳糖GalactoseC6H12O6
2低聚糖(Oligosaccharides,[C6(H2O)6]2~20
e.g.二糖(disaccharides
蔗糖Sucrose(tablesugar,beetsugar,canesugar)C12H22O11
麦芽糖Maltose(maltsugar)C12H22O11
纤维二糖CellobioseC12H22O11
乳糖Lactose(milksugar)C12H22O11
3多糖Polysaccharides,[C6(H2O)6]xx>20
淀粉Starch纤维素Cellulose
44.Properties:
1糖的性质((SomePropertiesofSugars(mono-,idi-,tri-saccharides))
•甜度((sweetness))
•溶于水,容易形成糖浆。
•晶化(Crystallizesfromsolution).(sugarcane,甘蔗)
•提供能量.(1gwhitesugar≈70kilocalories)
•容易发酵(Easilyfermentedbymicroorganisms)..
•防腐Canbeusedaspreservative–preventgrowth
ofmicroorganisms.
•焦糖化(Caramelizeonheating–darkensincolor)..
•咀嚼感(Givebodyandmouthfeeltosolutionsin
additiontosweetness)..
2淀粉的性质(SomePropertiesofStarchs))
•没有甜度(Notsweet)
•难溶于冷水(NotreadilysolubleinCOLDwater)
•在热水中形成面糊和胶体(Formpastesandgelsin
HOTwater)
•储备能量(Reserveofenergyinplants)
•提供能量(SupplyenergyinNutrition)
•颗粒形状(Occurinseedsandtubersasgranules)
45:
Starchgelatinizationandretrogradation淀粉凝胶和回生
淀粉的糊化现象Gelatinization
(当淀粉粒位于冷水中浸泡,淀粉粒的体积会逐渐增大,这是由于少量水分子进入淀粉颗粒的非结晶区域,但不能进入结晶区域。
当温度逐渐升高(一般升高到60-70℃)时,由于淀粉分子间氢键破坏,大量水分子进入淀粉颗粒的结晶区域,体积迅速增加,淀粉的微晶束分离,水分子完全渗透到米粒内同淀粉分子部分结合形成一种与生淀粉不同的晶体结构,即间隙很大的不规则和三维空间的网状结构,这就是淀粉的糊化现象。
糊化后的淀粉称糊化淀粉或熟淀粉、α-化淀粉。
其特点为⑴.黏度增大;
⑵.淀粉分子结构松散;
⑶.易被酶消化。
Whenthestarchgrainsislocatedincoldwaterinthewater,thevolumeofstarchgrainswillincreasegradually,thisisduetoafewwatermoleculesintostarchparticlesnon-crystallinearea,butcan'
tgointothecrystallinearea.Whenthetemperaturegraduallyincreasing(generalupto60-70℃),asthestarchmolecularhydrogenbondbetweendamage,alotofthewatermoleculesintothecrystallizationofstarchgraininthearea,thevolumeisincreasingrapidly,thestarchmicrocrystallinebunchofseparation,thewatermoleculepenetratetocompletelyricestarchmoleculescombinedwithinpartformedakindofcrudestarchanddifferentcrystalstructure,namelytheclearanceoftheirregularandathreedimensionalspacemeshstructure,thisisthephenomenonofstarchgelatinization.Thestarchgelatinizationsaysmanufacturegelatinizedstarchorcookedstarch,alphaofstarch.Itscharacteristicis
(1).Viscosityincreases;
(2).Starchmolecularstructureloose;
(3).Easilydigestiveenzymes.)
(Starchgelatinizationisaprocessthatbreaksdowntheintermolecularbondsofstarchmoleculesinthepresenceofwaterandheat,allowingthehydrogenbondingsitestoengagemorewater.Thisirreversiblydissolvesthestarchgranule.Penetrationofwaterincreasesrandomnessinthegeneralgranulestructureanddecreasesthenumberandsizeofcrystallineregions.淀粉凝胶是一个过程,分解淀粉分子的分子间的债券在水的存在和热,允许氢键网站来吸引更多的水。
这不可逆转地溶解淀粉粒。
渗透水增加随机性一般的颗粒结构和减少的数量和大小的水晶地区。
)
糊化淀粉的回生现象Retrogradation
(Cooked,unmodifiedstarch,whencooledforalong煮过,淀粉,当冷却很长
enoughperiod,willthicken(orgel)andrearrangeitself足够的时期,就会变稠(或凝胶)和重组体统
againtoamorecrystallinestructure;
thisprocessis再一个更晶体结构;
这个过程
calledretrogradation.称为沉降稳定性。
(糊化淀粉在常温下冷却时,由于淀粉分子运动减弱,无论支链淀粉还是直链淀粉分子间的氢键又开始恢复并趋向平行排列,重新形成不完全呈放射线排列的混合微晶束时淀粉呈现生硬状态,这种现象称为淀粉的回生或老化。
α糊化淀粉在常温下冷却时,由于淀粉分子运动减弱,无论支链淀粉还是直链淀粉分子间的氢键又开始恢复并趋向平行排列,重新形成不完全呈放射线排列的混合微晶束时淀粉呈现生硬状态,这种现象称为淀粉的回生或老化。
α-化淀粉与β-化淀粉是可逆的,但α化后的淀粉不可能完全恢复到天然状态的β化淀粉是可逆的,但α化后的淀粉不可能完全恢复到天然状态的β-化淀粉。
回生淀粉的主要特点是:
⑴.与生淀粉相比,结晶度低;
⑵.不被酶消化;
⑶不被酶消化;
⑶.粘弹性差、硬度变大。
Manufacturegelatinizedstarchatnormaltemperaturecooling,asthestarchmolecularmotiondecreases,regardlessofamylopectinoramylosethehydrogenbondbetweenthemoleculesandbegantorecoverandbecomeparallelarrangement,toformamixtureofradiationcompletelyarrangementofmicrocrystallinestarchpresentwhencurtstate,thisphenomenoniscalledtheretrogradationofstarchoraging.αmanufacturegelatinizedstarchatnormaltemperaturecooling,asthestarchmolecularmotiondecreases,regardlessofamylopectinoramylosethehydrogenbondbetweenthemoleculesandbegantorecoverandbecomeparallelarrangement,toformamixtureofradiationcompletelyarrangementofmicrocrystallinestarchpresentwhencurtstate,thisphenomenoniscalledtheretrogradationofstarchoraging.Alphaandbetaofthestarchstarchisreversible,buttheαofthestarchaftermaynotfullyrestoredtothebetainnaturalstateofstarchisreversible,buttheαofthestarchaftermaynotfullyrecoveredtothenaturalstateofbetaofstarch.Themaincharacteristicofstarchretrogradationis:
(1).Comparedwiththerawstarch,lowercrystallinity;
(2).Don'
tbeenzymedigestion;
(3)notbeenzymedigestion;
(3).Viscoelasticsent,hardnesschange)
46:
Whatarethebasicingredientsofbread?
Andwhatfunctiondotheyplay?
面包材料
Ingredients:
1FlourFunction:
yieldsgluten,supporttheactivityoftheyeastenzymesduringfermentationandproof(发酵.).:
配料:
1面粉功能:
收益率面筋,支持活动的酵母菌在发酵过程中酶和证据(发酵。
)。
2Yeast酵母Function:
-Leavingagent
-Fermentation发酵
>
CO2andalcoholareproduced.二氧化碳和酒精生产
Effectsdependuponamountusedandtemperatureofwater.>
效果取决于用量和温度的水
-RheologicalpropertiesofdoughthroughthelowingofPHbyCO2production.-Rheological面团的属性通过的低酸碱度由二氧化碳生产
{3WaterFunction:
-Determinesconsistencyofdough(elasticity)andgasretainingproperties.3水功能:
-Determines面团的一致性(弹性)和天然气保留属性
-Regulatesdoughtemperatureduringmixing.-Regulates面团混合过程中温度。
-Dissolvessaltandsugarandaidsindistributingthese-Dissolves盐和糖和艾滋病在分发这些
ingredientsuniformlythroughoutthedough.成分均匀整个面团。
}
{-Enzymesactonflourandyeasttocausefermentation.Enzymes作用于面粉和酵母引起发酵
Togetgoodfermentation,yeastmusthavetheoptimal获得良好的发酵、酵母必须有最佳的
growthconditionssuchastheoptimalmoisturecontent,长条件如最优含水率生
temperature,PH,andothers.温度、PH值、和其他人。
{功能:
水化作用,溶剂作用,控温,控制面团软硬,利于酵母
Function:
wateraction,thesolventeffects,temperaturecontrol,controlthehardandsoftdough,beneficialtotheyeast}4SaltFunctions:
盐功能
{*Controlsfermentation.控制发酵}
{-Largeamountskilltheyeastandnofermentation
occurs.——大的金额杀死酵母菌和没有发酵发生}
{-Smallamountspromotefasterfermentation.少量促进更快的发酵}
{-Nosalt-finishedproductiscoarse(粗糙的).没有盐-成品粗糙(粗糙的)
{*Toughenstheglutenmakingthedoughmoreplastic
andelastic.*韧化面筋使面团更多的塑料和弹性}
{*Improvestheflavorandcolorofthebreadand提高的风味和颜色的面包和
whitensthecrumb(面包屑)byproducingbreadtoa白面包屑(面包屑)由一个生产面包
finercellstructure.更精细的细胞结构}
{减缓蛋白质吸水延长和面时间减缓发酵减少面团延伸性改善面团持气能力和面包内部质构Slowtheabsorptionandextendthetimeslowproteindoughfermentationreduceextensibilityimprovesurfacewithgasabilityandbreadgroupinternalqualityandstructure}
5SugarFunctions:
糖功能:
-Flavor风味-Color颜色>
Characteristicschangewhenheated.当加热特性发生改变。
-Tenderizer嫩化-Taste味道
-Feedstheyeast.饲料酵母。
(产生甜味;
酵母营养,有利于发酵;
面包色香的形成和褐变改善面团物理性质,柔软易操作改善面包内部组织结构,增加柔软度延缓老化,延长保存期
Producesweet;
Yeastnutrient,behelpfulforfermentation;
ThecoloroftheformationandfragrantbreaddoughBrowningimprovephysicalproperties,softandeasytooperate
Improvebreadinternalorganization,increaseflexibilityretardaging,extendtheshelflife)
6Fat脂肪Functions:
功能脂肪功能
-Providesvolume提供量
-Freshness新鲜度
Keepthebreadsoftandpalatableforalonger保持面包柔软和可口的更长
period,时期
whichisequivalenttoananti-stalingeffect.这就相当于一个保鲜效果
-Flavor风味
-Texture纹理
-Color颜色
Dependinguponsugarcontent.根据糖含量。
(功能:
润滑作用:
组织均匀,细腻,光滑增加烤盘流动性,改善面团操作性能保水性好,减少水分挥发改善表皮性质,使之柔软营养价值增大体积延缓老化Function:
lubrication:
organizationeven,delicate,smoothincreasepanliquidity,improvethedoughoperationperformance,goodwater,reducemoisturevolatilizesimproveskinnature,makeitsoftnutritionalvalueincreasevolumedelaytheageing)
7MilkFunctions:
奶功能
-Providesvolume.增大体积
-Flavorandcolor(Sugarcontent).的风味和颜色(糖含量)。
-Texture.改善质构
8EggsFunctions:
蛋功能
Provides提供
-Richness营养丰富
-Flavor增加色、香、味
-Improvedtexture改进的纹理。
(改善品质、内部组织、增进柔软度,提供乳化作用,延长保鲜软度。
Toimprovequality,internalorganization,enhancetheflexibility,provideemulsionforuse,extendthepreservationsoftness.)
47:
Whathappenedduringingredientsmixingforbread原料搅拌面包
Dough生面团
1.Hydration(水合).Theproteininthewheatflourbeginstocombinewithsomeofthewater,toformgluten(面筋).Theglutenformingacontinuousthree-dimensionalstructurewhichbindstheflourparticlestogetherina“dough”(面团).水化。
小麦面粉中的蛋白质开始结合一些水,形成面筋。
对面筋形成连续的三维结构将面粉粒子一起组成“面团”。
2.Air-bubblesarefoldedintothedough.Duringthesubsequent
handlingofthedoughthesebubblesdivideorcoalesce(接合).
Eventuallythedoughcomestoresembleafoam,withthebubbles
trappedinthegluten(面筋)network.空气泡沫折入面团。
在接下来的处理这些泡沫面团的分割,或合并。
最终面团像泡沫,泡沫被困在面筋网状物里
3.Enzymes(酶)intheyeast(酵母)starttoferment(发酵)thesugarspresent