共产党宣言英语版Word格式.docx

共产党宣言英语版Word格式.docx

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1Bourgeois[ˈbuəʒwɑ:

]中产阶级andProletarians 

[ˌprəuliˈteəriən]无产阶级

2Proletarians无产阶级andCommunists 

[ˈkɔmjunist]共产主义者

3Socialist[ˈsəuʃəlist]社会主义者andCommunistLiterature文献

4PositionoftheCommunistsinrelationtothevariousexistingoppositionparties

共产党人对各种反对党派的态度

AspectreishauntingEurope--thespectreofcommunism.AllthepowersofoldEuropehaveenteredintoaholyalliancetoexorcisethisspectre:

PopeandTsar,MetternichandGuizot,FrenchRadicalsandGermanpolice-spies.

Whereisthepartyinoppositionthathasnotbeendecriedascommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?

Whereistheoppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofcommunism,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?

Twothingsresultfromthisfact:

I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanpowerstobeitselfapower.

II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleofthespectreofcommunismwithamanifestoofthepartyitself.

Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondonandsketchedthefollowingmanifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanishlanguages.

I--BOURGEOISANDPROLETARIANS[1]

Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsociety[2]isthehistoryofclassstruggles.

Freemanandslave,patricianandplebian,lordandserf,guild-master[3]andjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.

Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebians,slaves;

intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;

inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.

Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.

Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses,however,thisdistinctfeature:

ithassimplifiedclassantagonisms.Societyasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreathostilecamps,intotwogreatclassesdirectlyfacingeachother--bourgeoisieandproletariat.

FromtheserfsoftheMiddleAgessprangthecharteredburghersoftheearliesttowns.Fromtheseburgessesthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisieweredeveloped.

ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape,openedupfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.TheEast-IndianandChinesemarkets,thecolonizationofAmerica,tradewiththecolonies,theincreaseinthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry,animpulseneverbeforeknown,andthereby,totherevolutionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.

Thefeudalsystemofindustry,inwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolizedbyclosedguilds,nownolongersufficesforthegrowingwantsofthenewmarkets.Themanufacturingsystemtookitsplace.Theguild-masterswerepushedasidebythemanufacturingmiddleclass;

divisionoflaborbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflaborineachsingleworkshop.

Meantime,themarketskeptevergrowing,thedemandeverrising.Evenmanufacturersnolongersufficed.Thereupon,steamandmachineryrevolutionizedindustrialproduction.Theplaceofmanufacturewastakenbythegiant,MODERNINDUSTRY;

theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclassbyindustrialmillionaires,theleadersofthewholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.

Modernindustryhasestablishedtheworldmarket,forwhichthediscoveryofAmericapavedtheway.Thismarkethasgivenanimmensedevelopmenttocommerce,tonavigation,tocommunicationbyland.Thisdevelopmenthas,inturn,reactedontheextensionofindustry;

andinproportionasindustry,commerce,navigation,railwaysextended,inthesameproportionthebourgeoisiedeveloped,increaseditscapital,andpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshandeddownfromtheMiddleAges.

Wesee,therefore,howthemodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment,ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange.

Eachstepinthedevelopmentofthebourgeoisiewasaccompaniedbyacorrespondingpoliticaladvanceinthatclass.Anoppressedclassundertheswayofthefeudalnobility,anarmedandself-governingassociationofmedievalcommune[4]:

hereindependenturbanrepublic（asinItalyandGermany）;

theretaxable"

thirdestate"

ofthemonarchy（asinFrance）;

afterward,intheperiodofmanufacturingproper,servingeitherthesemi-feudalortheabsolutemonarchyasacounterpoiseagainstthenobility,and,infact,cornerstoneofthegreatmonarchiesingeneral--thebourgeoisiehasatlast,sincetheestablishmentofModernIndustryandoftheworldmarket,conqueredforitself,inthemodernrepresentativestate,exclusivepoliticalsway.Theexecutiveofthemodernstateisbutacommitteeformanagingthecommonaffairsofthewholebourgeoisie.

Thebourgeoisie,historically,hasplayedamostrevolutionarypart.

Thebourgeoisie,whereverithasgottheupperhand,hasputanendtoallfeudal,patriarchal,idyllicrelations.Ithaspitilesslytornasunderthemotleyfeudaltiesthatboundmantohis"

naturalsuperiors"

andhasleftnoothernexusbetweenpeoplethannakedself-interest,thancallous"

cashpayment"

.Ithasdrownedoutthemostheavenlyecstaciesofreligiousfervor,ofchivalrousenthusiasm,ofphilistinesentimentalism,intheicywaterofegotisticalcalculation.Ithasresolvedpersonalworthintoexchangevalue,andinplaceofthenumberlessindefeasiblecharteredfreedoms,hassetupthatsingle,unconscionablefreedom--FreeTrade.Inoneword,forexploitation,veiledbyreligiousandpoliticalillusions,ithassubstitutednaked,shameless,direct,brutalexploitation.

Thebourgeoisiehasstrippedofitshaloeveryoccupationhithertohonoredandlookeduptowithreverentawe.Ithasconvertedthephysician,thelawyer,thepriest,thepoet,themanofscience,intoitspaidwagelaborers.

Thebourgeoisiehastornawayfromthefamilyitssentimentalveil,andhasreducedthefamilyrelationintoameremoneyrelation.

ThebourgeoisiehasdisclosedhowitcametopassthatthebrutaldisplayofvigorintheMiddleAges,whichreactionariessomuchadmire,founditsfittingcomplementinthemostslothfulindolence.Ithasbeenthefirsttoshowwhatman'

sactivitycanbringabout.IthasaccomplishedwondersfarsurpassingEgyptianpyramids,Romanaqueducts,andGothiccathedrals;

ithasconductedexpeditionsthatputintheshadeallformerexodusesofnationsandcrusades.

Thebourgeoisiecannotexistwithoutconstantlyrevolutionizingtheinstrumentsofproduction,andtherebytherelationsofproduction,andwiththemthewholerelationsofsociety.Conservationoftheoldmodesofproductioninunalteredform,was,onthecontrary,thefirstconditionofexistenceforallearlierindustrialclasses.Constantrevolutionizingofproduction,uninterrupteddisturbanceofallsocialconditions,everlastinguncertaintyandagitationdistinguishthebourgeoisepochfromallearlierones.Allfixed,fastfrozenrelations,withtheirtrainofancientandvenerableprejudicesandopinions,aresweptaway,allnew-formedonesbecomeantiquatedbeforetheycanossify.Allthatissolidmeltsintoair,allthatisholyisprofaned,andmanisatlastcompelledtofacewithsobersenseshisrealconditionoflifeandhisrelationswithhiskind.

Theneedofaconstantlyexpandingmarketforitsproductschasesthebourgeoisieovertheentiresurfaceoftheglobe.Itmustnestleeverywhere,settleeverywhere,establishconnectionseverywhere.

Thebourgeoisiehas,throughitsexploitationoftheworldmarket,givenacosmopolitancharactertoproductionandconsumptionineverycountry.Tothegreatchagrinofreactionaries,ithasdrawnfromunderthefeetofindustrythenationalgroundonwhichitstood.Allold-establishednationalindustrieshavebeendestroyedoraredailybeingdestroyed.Theyaredislodgedbynewindustries,whoseintroductionbecomesalifeanddeathquestionforallcivilizednations,byindustriesthatnolongerworkupindigenousrawmaterial,butrawmaterialdrawnfromtheremotestzones;

industrieswhoseproductsareconsumed,notonlyathome,butineveryquarteroftheglobe.Inplaceoftheoldwants,satisfiedbytheproductionofthecountry,wefindnewwants,requiringfortheirsatisfactiontheproductsofdistantlandsandclimes.Inplaceoftheoldlocalandnationalseclusionandself-sufficiency,wehaveintercourseineverydirection,universalinter-dependenceofnations.Andasinmaterial,soalsoinintellectualproduction.Theintellectualcreationsofindividualnationsbecomecommonproperty.Nationalone-sidednessandnarrow-mindednessbecomemoreandmoreimpossible,andfromthenumerousnationalandlocalliteratures,therearisesaworldliterature.

Thebourgeoisie,bytherapidimprovementofallinstrumentsofproduction,bytheimmenselyfacilitatedmeansofcommunication,drawsall,eventhemostbarbarian,nationsintocivilization.Thecheappriceso