《语言学导论》重点整理Word格式文档下载.docx

《语言学导论》重点整理Word格式文档下载.docx

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thestudyofsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsociety.

♦Psycholingustics:

thestudyoflanguagewithrelationtopsychology

♦Appliedlinguistics:

thestudyofapplicationsoflinguistics.

5.Somedistinctionsinlinguistics

♦Prescriptivevs.descriptive

♦Synchronicvs.diachronic

♦Speechandwriting

♦Langueandparole

♦Competenceandperformance

♦Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics（linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive;

modernlinguisticsregardsspokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten;

modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework.）

6.Whatislanguage?

♦Languageisnotanabstractconstructionofthelearned,orofdictionary-makers,butissomethingarisingoutofthework,needs,ties,joys,affections,tastes,oflonggenerationsofhumanity,andhasitsbasesbroadandlow,closetotheground.♦WaltWhitman

7.Thedefinitionoflanguage

♦Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication

8.Designfeatures（Properties）

♦Arbitrariness:

vastmajorityoflinguisticexpressionsarearbitrary

♦Productivity:

creativityoropen-endedness

♦Duality:

doublearticulation（soundsandmeanings）

♦Displacement:

eg.SantaClaus,Superman,dragon

♦Culturaltransmission:

meme,memics

♦（Discreteness:

thesoundsusedinlanguagearemeaningfullydistinct.Eg.pack,back）

9.Assignments

♦Commentonthedefinitionoflanguage.

♦Summarizethedesignfeaturesoflanguage.

♦Whatisyourunderstandingofsynchronicstudyoflanguage

2.Chapter2Phoneticsandphonology

1.Phonetics:

thesoundsoflanguage

􀂄

Threebranchesofphonetics

ArticulatoryPhonetics发音语音学:

theproductionofspeechsounds.

AuditoryPhonetics听觉语音学:

thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds

AcousticPhonetics声学语音学:

thestudyofthephysicalproductionandtransmissionofspeechsounds.

2.Organsofspeech:

1.Thepharyngealcavity喉腔2.Theoralcavity口腔3.Thenasalcavity鼻腔

3.Twokindsoftranscription

Broadtranscription宽式标音:

transcriptionwithletter-symbols

Narrowtranscription窄式标音:

transcriptionwithletter-symbolsandthediacritics

4.ClassificationofEnglishconsonants

5.ClassificationofEnglishvowels

6.Phonology:

thesoundpatternsoflanguage

Difference􀂄

Phone,phoneme,allophone

Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair

7.Phones,phonemes,andallophones

Phonologyisthestudyofsoundpatternsoflanguage（i.e.howsoundsarearrangedtoformmeaningfulunits）andthefunctionofeachsound.Itrevealswhatarethepossiblecombinationsofsoundsinalanguageandexplainswhycertainwordstaketheformtheydo.

8.Phone音素

phone:

thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech

i）phoneticunitii）notdistinctiveofmeaningiii）physicalasheardorproducediv）markedwith[]

9.Phoneme音位

theminimalunitinthesoundsystemofalanguage.Withphonemes,weestablishthepatternsoforganizationwithintheinfinitelylargenumberofsounds.Eachlanguagecanbeshowntooperatewitharelativelysmallnumberofphonemes（15-80）.Notwolanguageshavethesamephonemicsystem.

10.Phoneme音位

i）phonologicalunitii）distinctiveofmeaningiii）abstract,notphysicaliv）markedwith//.

11.Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:

1）differentinmeaning;

2）onlyonephonemedifferent;

3）thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.

Minimalset:

pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc.

11.Allophone音位变体:

phonicvariants/realizationsofaphoneme

12.Phonologicalrules:

Phonologicalpatterningisrule-governed.[blik]and[kilb],thoughnotfoundinEnglish,canbepossiblecombinations,while[kbil]or[lkib]cannot.Sequentialrulesarethosethataccountforthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Theyarelanguage-specific,asinthefollowingcases:

*[tlait][iltrit]

13.Sequentialrule

Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldfollowtheorder/sequencebelow:

a.Thefirstphonememustbe/s/

b.Thesecondphonememustbe/p/,/t/or/k/

c.Thethirdphonememustbe/l/,/r/,or/w/.spring,string,squirrel,split,screen

14.Assimilationrule

Asoundmaychangebyassimilating/copyingafeatureofasequential/neighboringsound,e.g.impossible,irresistible,illegal[in-]

Question:

Whatotherexamples?

sink/since􀂄

pancake􀂄

sunglasses􀂄

fivepastseven􀂄

hasto

15.Deletionrule

Asoundmaybedeletedeventhoughitmaybeorthographicallyrepresented.

16.Stress,tone,andintonation

Suprasegmental（超切分）phonology􀂄

Suprasegmentalphonemes:

stress,toneandintonation

17.Stress重音

Wordstress/sentencestress􀂄

Primarystress/secondarystress

Stressofcompounds:

‵blackbird/black‵bird;

‵greenhouse/green‵house

Sentencestress:

Dependingontherelativeimportanceofthewords;

contrastivestress

18.Tone（声调）

Differentratesofvibrationproducedifferentfrequencies,whicharetermedasdifferentpitches.Pitchvariationsaredistinctiveofmeaning.

InsomelanguageslikeChinese,pitchvariationsarecalledtones.Languagesusingtonesaretonelanguages.

19.Intonation（语调）

Whenpitch,stressandlengthvariationsaretiedtothesentence,theycombinetobecomeknownasintonation.

ThreemajortypesofEnglishintonation:

a.fallingtone/tuneb.risingtone/tunec.fall-risetone/tune

20.Assignments:

Differencebetweenphoneticsandphonology

3.Morphology（词法）

1.Morphologyisthestudyofwordformationandstructure.Itstudieshowwordsareputtogetherfromtheirsmallerpartsandtherulesgoverningthisprocess.

2.Twokindsofwords

1.Openclasswords:

contentwords.e.g.nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs

2.Closedclasswords:

grammaticalwordsorfunctionalwords.E.g.conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronouns

3.WordRelations

Wordscanberelatedtootherwords,e.g."

happy"

—"

unhappy"

.

TherulesthatrelatesuchsetsofwordsarecalledWordFormationRules.Thus,themorphologycontains

•fundamentalelements–morphemes•rulesofcombination--WordFormationRules

4.Morphemes

Theelementsthatarecombiningtoformwordsarecalledmorphemes.Amorphemeisthesmallestunitofmeaningyoucanhaveinalanguage.

weknowthreethingsabouteverymorpheme:

1.itsmeaning2.itsform（thesoundsthatmakeitup）

3.aruleofcombination（putitbefore/after/insidethestem）

5.Acase:

􀂄

Unhappy􀂄

Happier􀂄

unhappier

6.BoundandFreeMorphemes

"

Intheworddoors"

therearetwomorphemes:

door"

and"

-s"

Themorpheme"

canbeusedbyitself,soitiscalledaFREEmorpheme.

Butthemorpheme"

s"

cannotbeusedbyitself:

•"

Howmanydoorsdidyoushut?

"

Morethanone."

OK"

NotOK

Therefore,"

iscalledaBOUNDmorpheme.

7.Affixes

Morphemesaddedtofreeformstomakeotherfreeformsarecalledaffixes.Therearefourprinciplekindsofaffixes:

1.prefixes（atbeginning）—"

un-"

in"

unable"

2.suffixes（atend）—"

-ed"

walked"

3.circumfixes（atbothends）—"

en--en"

enlighten"

（Thesealwaysseemtoconsistofotherwiseattestedindependentprefixesandsuffixes.）

4.infixes（inthemiddle）--"

-bloody-"

inbloody-credible"

8.Derivationalmorphemes

Derivationalmorphemesmayormaynotchangethecategory,orgrammaticalclassofwords.

E.g.Noun---Adjective􀂄

affection+ate􀂄

alcohol+ic

9.InflectionalMorphology

Morphologythatinteractswithsyntax（sentencestructure）iscalledINFLECTIONALMORPHOLOGYSomeexamplesare:

•person•number•gender•nounclass•case•tense

Inflectionalmorphemesneverchangethecategory.Inflectionalmorphemesdonotchangethe"

core"

meaningoftheword.Inflectionalmorphemesusuallyoccur"

outside"

derivationalones.10.ARuleforFormingsomeEnglishWords11.Compounds

12.OtherwaysofFormingWords

13.Word-formation:

thecreationofnewwordsonthebasisofexistingstructuraldevicesinthelanguage

derivationcompounding

derivationalaffixationclipping,abbreviation,acronymsconversion

14.Wordformation

*affixation􀂄

*coinage:

Ford,Kodak

*compounding/composition:

hot-line,keep-fit

*conversion/functionalshift:

knee,cool,trigger,brake

*derivation:

alcoholic,affectionate

*back-formation:

edit,babysit,massproduce,laze

*blending:

smog,motel,globesity

*shortening（clippedwords,acronym）􀂄

*borrowing:

te