搜索引擎中英文对照外文翻译文献Word文档下载推荐.docx

搜索引擎中英文对照外文翻译文献Word文档下载推荐.docx

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BSTRACT

OnewaytohelpallusersofcommercialWebsearchenginesbemoresuccessfulintheirsearchesistobetterunderstandwhatthoseuserswithgreatersearchexpertisearedoing,andusethisknowledgetobenefiteveryone.Inthispaperwestudytheinteractionlogsofadvancedsearchengineusers（andthosenotsoadvanced）tobetterunderstandhowtheseusergroupssearch.Theresultsshowthattherearemarkeddifferencesinthequeries,resultclicks,post-querybrowsing,andsearchsuccessofusersweclassifyasadvanced（basedontheiruseofqueryoperators）,relativetothoseclassifiedasnon-advanced.Ourfindingshaveimplicationsforhowadvancedusersshouldbesupportedduringtheirsearches,andhowtheirinteractionscouldbeusedtohelpsearchersofallexperiencelevelsfindmorerelevantinformationandlearnimprovedsearchingstrategies.

CategoriesandSubjectDescriptors

H.3.3[InformationSearchandRetrieval]:

queryformulation,searchprocess,relevancefeedback.

GeneralTerms

Experimentation,HumanFactors.

Keywords

Querysyntax,advancedsearchfeatures,expertsearching.

1.INTRODUCTION

TheformulationofquerystatementsthatcaptureboththesalientaspectsofinformationneedsandaremeaningfultoInformationRetrieval（IR）systemsposesachallengeformanysearchers[3].CommercialWebsearchenginessuchasGoogle,Yahoo!

andWindowsLiveSearchofferuserstheabilitytoimprovethequalityoftheirqueriesusingqueryoperatorssuchasquotationmarks,plusandminussigns,andmodifiersthatrestrictthesearchtoaparticularsiteortypeoffile.Thesetechniquescanbeusefulinimprovingresultprecisionyet,otherthanvialoganalyses（e.g.,[15][27]）,theyhavegenerallybeenoverlookedbytheresearchcommunityinattemptstoimprovethequalityofsearchresults.

IRresearchhasgenerallyfocusedonalternativewaysforuserstospecifytheirneedsratherthanincreasingtheuptakeofadvancedsyntax.Researchonpracticaltechniquestosupplementexisting

Permissiontomakedigitalorhardcopiesofallorpartofthisworkforpersonalorclassroomuseisgrantedwithoutfeeprovidedthatcopiesarenotmadeordistributedforprofitorcommercialadvantageandthatcopiesbearthisnoticeandthefullcitationonthefirstpage.Tocopyotherwise,orrepublish,topostonserversortoredistributetolists,requirespriorspecificpermissionand/orafee.

SIGIR’07,July23–27,2007,Á

msterdam,TheNetherlands.Copyright2007ACM978-1-59593-597-7/07/0007...$5.00.searchtechnologyandsupportusershasbeenintensifyinginrecentyears（e.g.[18][34]）.However,itischallengingtoimplementsuchtechniquesatlargescalewithtolerablelatencies.

TypicalqueriessubmittedtoWebsearchenginestaketheformofaseriesoftokensseparatedbyspaces.ThereisgenerallyanimpliedBooleanANDoperatorbetweentokensthatrestrictssearchresultstodocumentscontainingallqueryterms.DeLimaandPedersen[7]investigatedtheeffectofparsing,phraserecognition,andexpansiononWebsearchqueries.TheyshowedthattheautomaticrecognitionofphrasesinqueriescanimproveresultprecisioninWebsearch.However,thevalueofadvancedsyntaxfortypicalsearchershasgenerallybeenlimited,sincemostusersdonotknowaboutadvancedsyntaxordonotunderstandhowtouseit[15].Sinceitappearsoperatorscanhelpretrieverelevantdocuments,furtherinvestigationoftheiruseiswarranted.

Inthispaperweexploretheuseofqueryoperatorsinmoredetailandproposealternativeapplicationsthatdonotrequirealluserstouseadvancedsyntaxexplicitly.Wehypothesizethatsearcherswhouseadvancedquerysyntaxdemonstrateadegreeofsearchexpertisethatthemajorityoftheuserpopulationdoesnot;

anassertionsupportedbypreviousresearch[13].Studyingthebehavioroftheseadvancedsearchengineusersmayyieldimportantinsightsaboutsearchingandresultbrowsingfromwhichothersmaybenefit.

Usinglogsgatheredfromalargenumberofconsentingusers,weinvestigatedifferencesbetweenthesearchbehaviorofthosethatuseadvancedsyntaxandthosethatdonot,anddifferencesintheinformationthoseuserstarget.Weareinterestedinansweringthreeresearchquestions:

（i）Istherearelationshipbetweentheuseofadvancedsyntaxandothercharacteristicsofasearch?

（ii）Istherearelationshipbetweentheuseofadvancedsyntaxandpost-querynavigationbehaviors?

（iii）Istherearelationshipbetweentheuseofadvancedsyntaxandmeasuresofsearchsuccess?

Throughanexperimentalstudyandanalysis,weofferpotentialanswersforeachofthesequestions.Arelationshipbetweentheuseofadvancedsyntaxandanyofthesefeaturescouldsupportthedesignofsystemstailoredtoadvancedsearchengineusers,oruseadvancedusers’interactionstohelpnon-advancedusersbemoresuccessfulintheirsearches.

WedescriberelatedworkinSection2,thedataweusedinthislog-basedstudyinSection3,thesearchcharacteristicsonwhichwefocusouranalysisinSection4,andthefindingsofthisanalysisinSection5.InSection6wediscusstheimplicationsofthisresearch,andweconcludeinSection7.

2.RELATEDWORK

Factorssuchaslackofdomainknowledge,poorunderstandingofthedocumentcollectionbeingsearched,andapoorlydevelopedinformationneedcanallinfluencethequalityofthequeriesthatuserssubmittoIRsystems（[24],[28]）.Therehasbeenavarietyofresearchintodifferentwaysofhelpingusersspecifytheirinformationneedsmoreeffectively.Belkinetal.[4]experimentedwithprovidingadditionalspaceforuserstotypeamoreverbosedescriptionoftheirinformationneeds.AsimilarapproachwasattemptedbyKellyetal.[18],whousedclarificationformstoelicitadditionalinformationaboutthesearchcontextfromusers.Theseapproacheshavebeenshowntobeeffectiveinbest-matchretrievalsystemswherelongerqueriesgenerallyleadtomorerelevantsearchresults[4].However,inWebsearch,wheremanyofthesystemsarebasedonanextendedBooleanretrievalmodel,longerqueriesmayactuallyhurtretrievalperformance,leadingtoasmallnumberofpotentiallyirrelevantresultsbeingretrieved.Itisnotsimplysufficienttorequestmoreinformationfromusers;

thisinformationmustbeofbetterquality.

RelevanceFeedback（RF）[22]andinteractivequeryexpansion[9]arepopulartechniquesthathavebeenusedtoimprovethequalityofinformationthatusersprovidetoIRsystemsregardingtheirinformationneeds.InthecaseofRF,theuserpresentsthesystemwithexamplesofrelevantinformationthatarethenusedtoformulateanimprovedqueryorretrieveanewsetofdocuments.IthasprovendifficulttogetuserstouseRFintheWebdomainduetodifficultyinconveyingthemeaningandthebenefitofRFtotypicalusers[17].Querysuggestionsofferedbasedonquerylogshavethepotentialtoimproveretrievalperformancewithlimiteduserburden.Thisapproachislimitedtore-executingpopularqueries,andsearchersoftenignorethesuggestionspresentedtothem[1].Inaddition,bothofthesetechniquesdonothelpuserslearntoproducemoreeffectivequeries.

Mostcommercialsearchenginesprovideadvancedquerysyntaxthatallowsuserstospecifytheirinformationneedsinmoredetail.Querymodifierssuchas‘+’（plus）,‘’（minus）,and‘“”’（doublequotes）canbeusedtoemphasize,deemphasize,andgroupqueryterms.Booleanoperators（AND,OR,andNOT）canjointermsandphrases,andmodifierssuchas“site:

”and“link:

”canbeusedtorestrictthesearchspace.Queriescreatedwiththesetechniquescanbepowerful.However,thisfunctionalityisoftenhiddenfromtheimmediateviewofthesearcher,andunlesssheknowsthesyntax,shemustusetextfields,pull-downmenusandcomboboxesavailableviaadedicated“advancedsearch”interfacetoaccessthesefeatures.

Log-basedanalysisofusers’interactionswiththeExciteandAltaVistasearchengineshasshownthatonly10-20%ofqueriescontainedanyadvancedsyntax[14][25].ThisanalysiscanbeausefulwayofcapturingcharacteristicsofusersinteractingwithIRsystems.Researchinusermodeling[6]andpersonalization[30]hasshownthatgatheringmoreinformationaboutuserscanimprovetheeffectivenessofsearches,butrequiremoreinformationaboutusersthanistypicallyavailablefrominteractionlogsalone.Unlesscoupledwithaqualitativetechnique,suchasapost-sessionquestionnaire[23],itcanbedifficulttoassociateinteractionswithusercharacteristics.Inourstudyweconjecturethatgiventhedifficultyinlocatingadvancedsearchfeatureswithinthetypicalsearchinterface,andthepotentialproblemsinunderstandingthesyntax,thoseusersthatdouseadvancedsyntaxregularlyrepresentadistinctclassofsearcherswhowillexhibitothercommonsearchbehaviors.

Otherstudiesofadvancedsearchers’searchbehaviorshaveattemptedtobetterunderstandthestrategicknowledgetheyhaveacquired.However,suchstudiesaregenerallylimitedinsize（e.g.,[13][19]）orfocusondomainexpertiseinareassuchashealthcareore-commerce（e.g.,[5]）.Nonetheless,theycangivevaluableinsightaboutthebehaviorsofuserswithdomain,system,orsearchexpertisethatexceedsthatoftheaverageuser.Queryingbehaviorinparticularhasbeenstudiedextensivelytobetterunderstandusers[31]andsupportotherusers[16].

Inthispaperwestudyothersearchcharacteristicsofusersofadvancedsyntaxinanattempttodeterminewhetherthereisanythingdifferentabouthowthesesearchengineuserssearch,andwhethertheirsearchescanbeusedto