textbookwriteupWord文件下载.docx

textbookwriteupWord文件下载.docx

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Reportswilldifferconsiderablydependingonwhethertheaudiencewillwantorrequiretechnicaldetail,whethertheyarelookingforasummaryofresults,orwhethertheyareabouttoexamineyourresearchinaPh.D.exam.

∙TheStory

Ibelievethateveryresearchprojecthasatleastonemajor"

story"

init.Sometimesthestorycentersaroundaspecificresearchfinding.Sometimesitisbasedonamethodologicalproblemorchallenge.Whenyouwriteyourreport,youshouldattempttotellthe"

toyourreader.Eveninveryformaljournalarticleswhereyouwillberequiredtobeconciseanddetailedatthesametime,agood"

storyline"

canhelpmakeanotherwiseverydullreportinterestingtothereader.

Thehardestpartoftellingthestoryinyourresearchisfindingthestoryinthefirstplace.Usuallywhenyoucometowritingupyourresearchyouhavebeensteepedinthedetailsforweeksormonths（andsometimesevenforyears）.You'

vebeenworryingaboutsamplingresponse,strugglingwithoperationalizingyourmeasures,dealingwiththedetailsofdesign,andwrestlingwiththedataanalysis.You'

reabitliketheostrichthathasitsheadinthesand.Tofindthestoryinyourresearch,youhavetopullyourheadoutofthesandandlookatthebigpicture.Youhavetotrytoviewyourresearchfromyouraudience'

sperspective.Youmayhavetoletgoofsomeofthedetailsthatyouobsessedsomuchaboutandleavethemoutofthewriteuporburythemintechnicalappendicesortables.

∙FormattingConsiderations

Areyouwritingaresearchreportthatyouwillsubmitforpublicationinajournal?

Ifso,youshouldbeawarethateveryjournalrequiresarticlesthatyoufollowspecificformattingguidelines.Thinkingofwritingabook.Again,everypublisherwillrequirespecificformatting.Writingatermpaper?

Mostfacultywillrequirethatyoufollowspecificguidelines.Doingyourthesisordissertation?

EveryuniversityIknowofhasverystrictpoliciesaboutformattingandstyle.Therearelegendarystoriesthatcirculateamonggraduatestudentsaboutthedissertationthatwasrejectedbecausethepagemarginswereaquarterinchofforthefiguresweren'

tlabeledcorrectly.

Toillustratewhatasetofresearchreportspecificationsmightinclude,Ipresentinthissectiongeneralguidelinesfortheformattingofaresearchwrite-upforaclasstermpaper.Theseguidelinesareverysimilartothetypesofspecificationsyoumightberequiredtofollowforajournalarticle.However,youneedtocheckthespecificformattingguidelinesforthereportyouarewriting--theonespresentedherearelikelytodifferinsomewaysfromanyotherguidelinesthatmayberequiredinothercontexts.

I'

vealsoincludedasampleresearchpaperwrite-upthatillustratestheseguidelines.Thissamplepaperisfora"

make-believe"

researchproject.Butitillustrateshowafinalresearchreportmightlookusingtheguidelinesgivenhere.

KeyElements

Thispagedescribestheelementsorcriteriathatyoumusttypicallyaddressinaresearchpaper.Theassumptionhereisthatyouareaddressingacausalhypothesisinyourpaper.

I.Introduction

1.Statementoftheproblem:

Thegeneralproblemareaisstatedclearlyandunambiguously.Theimportanceandsignificanceoftheproblemareaisdiscussed.

2.Statementofcausalrelationship:

Thecause-effectrelationshiptobestudiedisstatedclearlyandissensiblyrelatedtotheproblemarea.

3.Statementofconstructs:

Eachkeyconstructintheresearch/evaluationprojectisexplained（minimally,boththecauseandeffect）.Theexplanationsarereadilyunderstandable（i.e.,jargon-free）toanintelligentreader.

4.Literaturecitationsandreview:

Theliteraturecitedisfromreputableandappropriatesources（e.g.,professionaljournals,booksandnotTime,Newsweek,etc.）andyouhaveaminimumoffivereferences.Theliteratureiscondensedinanintelligentfashionwithonlythemostrelevantinformationincluded.Citationsareinthecorrectformat（seeAPAformatsheets）.

5.Statementofhypothesis:

Thehypothesis（orhypotheses）isclearlystatedandisspecificaboutwhatispredicted.Therelationshipofthehypothesistoboththeproblemstatementandliteraturereviewisreadilyunderstoodfromreadingthetext.

II.Methods

Samplesection:

1.Samplingprocedurespecifications:

Theprocedureforselectingunits（e.g.,subjects,records）forthestudyisdescribedandisappropriate.Theauthorstatewhichsamplingmethodisusedandwhy.Thepopulationandsamplingframearedescribed.Inanevaluation,theprogramparticipantsarefrequentlyself-selected（i.e.,volunteers）and,ifso,shouldbedescribedassuch.

2.Sampledescription:

Thesampleisdescribedaccuratelyandisappropriate.Problemsincontactingandmeasuringthesampleareanticipated.

3.Externalvalidityconsiderations:

Generalizabilityfromthesampletothesamplingframeandpopulationisconsidered.

Measurementsection:

1.Measures:

Eachoutcomemeasurementconstructisdescribedbriefly（aminimumoftwooutcomeconstructsisrequired）.Foreachconstruct,themeasureormeasuresaredescribedbrieflyandanappropriatecitationandreferenceisincluded（unlessyoucreatedthemeasure）.YoudescribebrieflythemeasureyouconstructedandprovidetheentiremeasureinanAppendix.Themeasureswhichareusedarerelevanttothehypothesesofthestudyandareincludedinthosehypotheses.Whereverpossible,multiplemeasuresofthesameconstructareused.

2.Constructionofmeasures:

Forquestionnaires,testsandinterviews:

questionsareclearlyworded,specific,appropriateforthepopulation,andfollowinalogicalfashion.Thestandardsforgoodquestionsarefollowed.Forarchivaldata:

originaldatacollectionproceduresareadequatelydescribedandindices（i.e.,combinationsofindividualmeasures）areconstructedcorrectly.Forscales,youmustdescribebrieflywhichscalingprocedureyouusedandhowyouimplementedit.Forqualitativemeasures,theproceduresforcollectingthemeasuresaredescribedindetail.

3.Reliabilityandvalidity:

Youmustaddressboththereliabilityandvalidityofallofyourmeasures.Forreliability,youmustspecifywhatestimationprocedure（s）youused.Forvalidity,youmustexplainhowyouassessedconstructvalidity.Whereverpossible,youshouldminimallyaddressbothconvergentanddiscriminantvalidity.Theprocedureswhichareusedtoexaminereliabilityandvalidityareappropriateforthemeasures.

DesignandProceduressection:

1.Design:

Thedesignisclearlypresentedinbothnotationalandtextform.Thedesignisappropriatefortheproblemandaddressesthehypothesis.

2.Internalvalidity:

Threatstointernalvalidityandhowtheyareaddressedbythedesignarediscussed.Anythreatstointernalvaliditywhicharenotwellcontrolledarealsoconsidered.

3.Descriptionofprocedures:

Anoverviewofhowthestudywillbeconductedisincluded.Thesequenceofeventsisdescribedandisappropriatetothedesign.Sufficientinformationisincludedsothattheessentialfeaturesofthestudycouldbereplicatedbyareader.

III.Results

1.StatementofResults:

Theresultsarestatedconciselyandareplausiblefortheresearchdescribed.

2.Tables:

Thetable（s）iscorrectlyformattedandaccuratelyandconciselypresentspartoftheanalysis.

3.Figures:

Thefigure（s）isclearlydesignedandaccuratelydescribesarelevantaspectoftheresults.

IV.Conclusions,AbstractandReferenceSections

1.Implicationsofthestudy:

Assumingtheexpectedresultsareobtained,theimplicationsoftheseresultsarediscussed.Theauthormentionsbrieflyanyremainingproblemswhichareanticipatedinthestudy.

2.Abstract:

TheAbstractis125wordsorlessandpresentsaconcisepictureoftheproposedresearch.Majorconstructsandhypothesesareincluded.TheAbstractisthefirstsectionofthepaper.Seetheformatsheetformoredetails.

3.References:

Allcitationsareincludedinthecorrectformatandareappropriateforthestudydescribed.

StylisticElements

I.ProfessionalWriting

Firstpersonandsex-stereotypedformsareavoided.Materialispresentedinanunbiasedandunemotional（e.g.,no"

feelings"

aboutthings）,butnotnecessarilyuninteresting,fashion.

II.ParallelConstruction

Tenseiskeptparallelwithinandbetweensentences（asappropriate）.

III.SentenceStructure

Sentencestructureandpunctuationarecorrect.Incompleteandrun-onsentencesareavoided.

IV.SpellingandWordUsage

Spellinganduseofwordsareappropriate.Wordsarecapitalizedandabbreviatedcorrectly.

V.GeneralStyle.

Thedocumentisneatlyproducedandreadswell.Theformatforthedocumenthasbeencorrectlyfollowed.

Formatting

Overview

Theinstructionsprovidedhereareforaresearcharticleoraresearchreport（generallytheseguidelinesfollowtheformattingguidelinesoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationdocumentedinPublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,4thEdition）.Pleaseconsultthespecificguidelinesthatarerequiredbythepublisherforthetypeofdocumentyouarepro