时态专讲Word格式.docx
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I’mnot
Youaren’t
You’renot
He
She
isn’t,isnot
It
We
aren’t,arenot.
They
Thatis—that’s
Whatis—what’s
Whois—who
Whereis—where’s
Mynameis—myname’s
2.Therebe结构
“thereis/are+某物/某人+某地/某时”这样一种句型。
大致相当于汉语“某地/谋时有某物/某人”的说法。
句子中的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须一致。
Thereis(there’s)atableinyourroom.
Thereare(there’re)somepencilsonthedesk.
Thereisnot(isn’t)adoghere.
Therearenot(aren’t)anycatshere.
Istherearulerinyourbag?
Yes,thereis./No,thereisnot.(isn’t)
Arethereanypeopleinthathouse?
Yes,thereare./No,therearenot(aren’t)
Arethereanybooksinyourbag?
Yes,thereare./No,therearenot(aren’t).
Howmanykitesarethereinthesky?
Therearethirteen.
注:
动词do在初一册课本中出现.
Jb1-2:
Thereis(There‘s)atraininthepicture.Thereare(There’re)sometreesneartheriver.Thereis(There’s)somewaterinthebottle.
Thereisnot(isn’t)apictureonthewall.Therearenot(aren’t)anybirdsinthetree.
Thereisnot(isn’t)anyriceinthebag.
Isthereagirlunderthetree?
Yes,thereis./No,thereisnot(isn’t).
Arethereanyglassesonthetable?
Yes,thereare./No,therearenot(aren’t).
Isthereanyteainthecup?
Yes,thereis.?
/No,thereisnot(isn’t).
Howmanydaysarethereinaweek?
Thereareseven.
3.动词do(verbtodo)
IspeakEnglish.
YouspeakEnglish.
He/She/ItspeaksEnglish.
We/You/TheyspeakEnglish.
Idonot(don’t)speakEnglish.
Youdonot(don’t)speakEnglish.
He/She/Itdoes(doesn’t)speakEnglish.
We/You/Theydonot(don’t)speakEnglish.
DoIspeakEnglish?
Yes,youdo.
No,youdonot(don’t)
DowespeakEnglish?
Yes,we/youdo.
No,we/younot(don’t)
DoyouspeakEnglish?
Yes,Ido.
No,Idonot(don’t).
Yes,wedo.
No,wedonot(don’t)
Doeshe/she/itspeakEnglish?
Yes,he/she/itdoes.
No,he/she/itdoesnot(doesn’t)
DotheyspeakEnglish?
Yes,theydo.
No,theydonot(don’t).
当主语是第三人称时,动词形式需做下列几种变化:
规
则
动词原形
第三人称单数形式
一般动词在词尾加—s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/,在t后读/ts/,在后读/dz/。
Help
Make
Swim
Leave
Know
Play
Get
ride
Helps/helps/
Makes/meiks/
Swims/swimz/
Leaves/li:
vz/
Knows/nouz/
Plays/pleiz/
Gets/gets/
Rides/raidz/
以s,x,ch,sh字母结尾的动词加-es,读/iz/。
如果动词原形词尾已有e,则加s,以o结尾的动词也加es,读/z/
Guess
Fix
Teach
Wash
Close
go
Guesses/gesiz/
Fixes/fixiz/
Teaches/ti:
tiz/
Washes/w
iz/
closes/klouiz/
Goes/gouz/
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es,读/z/
Fly
Carry
study
Flies/flaiz/
Carries/kriiz/
Studies/stdiz/
II.现在进行时(ThePresentContinuousTense)
1.现在进行时表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。
如:
Thestudentsarelisteningtotheteacher.
HeiswatchingTVnow.
现在进行时也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。
如
Weareworkingonafarmthesedays.Iamwritngabookthismonth.
2.现在进行时是由be(am/is/are)+动词-ing形式构成的。
其肯定、否定和疑问式如下:
Iamworking.Youareworking.
He/She/Itisworking.
We/You/Theyareworking.
Iamnotworking.Youarenotworking.
He/She/Itisnotworking.
We/You/Theyarenotworking.
AmIworking?
Yes,youare./No,youarenot
Areweworking?
Yes,we/youare./No,we/youarenot.
Areyouworking?
Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.
Yes,weare./No,wearenot.
Ishe/she/Itworking?
Yes,he/she/itis./No,he/she/itisnot.
Aretheyworking?
Yes,theyare./No,theyarenot.
3.动词-ing形式的构成:
规则
-ing形式
一般在动词原形末尾加-ing
Go
Ask
look
Going/goui/
Asking/a:
ski/
Looking/luki/
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加ing
Write
take
Writing/raiti/
Closing/klouzi/
Taking/teiki/
以重读闭音节结尾的动词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,应先双写这一字母,再加-ing
Sit
Put
Run
begin
Getting/geti/
Sitting/siti
/
Putting/puti/
Running/rni/
Beginning/bigin/
III.一般过去时态(TheSimplePastTense)
一般过去时表示某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,lastnight,in1990,twodaysago等.也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常和often,always等表示频度的时间状语连用.例如:
Igotupat6:
30yesterday.
Myfatherwasatworkyesterdayafternoon.
Healwayswenttoworkbybuslastyear.
一般过去时的构成
动词
be
Iwas……
He(She,It)was……
We(You,They)were……
Iwasnot(wasn’t)……
He(She,It)wasnot(wasn’t)…..
We(You,They)werenot(weren’t)…..
work
I(You,he,She,It,You,They)worked.
I(You,he,She,It,You,They)didnot(didn’t)work.
therebe
Therewas……
Therewere…….
Therewasnot(wasn’t)……
Therewerenot(weren’t)……
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
be
WasI……?
Yes,youwere.
No,youwerenot.
Wereyou…?
Yes,Iwas.
No,Iwasnot.
Washe(she,it)…?
Yes,he(she,it)was.
No,he(she,it)wasnot.
Werewe……?
Yes,we(you)were.
No,we(you)werenot.
Yes,wewere.
No,wewerenot.
Werethey…?
Yes,theywere.
No,theywerenot.
work
DidIwork?
Yes,youdid.
No,youdidnot.
Didyouwork?
Yes,Idid.
No,Ididnot.
Didhe(she,it)work?
Yes,he(she,it)did.
No,he(she,it)
didnot.
Didwework?
Yes,we(you)did.
No,we(you)didnot.
Yes,wedid.
No,wedidnot.
Didtheywork?
Yes,theydid.
No,theydidnot.
therebe
Wastherea/any…?
Yes,therewas.
No,therewasnot.
Wastherea/any…?
Werethereany…?
Yes,therewere.
No,therewerenot.
规则动词过去式的构成
构成规则
原形
过去式
一般在动词原形末尾加-ed
play
start
looked
played
started
结尾是的动词加-d
live
hope
use
lived
hoped
used
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed
stop
plan
trip
stopped
planned
tripped
结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词,先变“y”为“i”再加-ed
carry
worry
studied
carried
worried
词尾-ed的读音
读音
例句
在浊辅音和元音
后面
/d/
called
borrowed
moved
enjoyed
welcomed
answered
在清辅音后面
/t/
finished
helped
passed
cooked
在/t/,/d/音后面
/id/
wanted
shouted
needed
counted
不规则动词过去式参见本书第202页上的不规则动词表。
常见的不规则动词有:
Am/is---was
are---were
go---went
have---had
do---did
get---got
come---came
say---said
see---saw
put---put
eat---ate
take—took
IV.一般将来时态(TheSimpleFutureTense)
一般将来时态表示某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,nextweek,nextyear等。
例句:
Iwillgotomyhometownnextweek.
WewillcometoseeyoueverySunday.
1)一般将来时的构成
一般将来时由“助动词will+动词原形”构成。
在口语中,will在名词或代词后常简缩为’ll,willnot常简缩为won’t。
在疑问句中,主语为第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词shall.
人称
疑问式
I/Wewillgo.
I/Wewillnotgo.
ShallI/wego?
Youwillgo.
Youwillnotgo.
Willyougo?
He/She/It/
Theywillgo.
He/She/It/Theywillnot
go.
Willhe/she/ittheygo?
(1)在书面语中,主语为第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词shall+动词原形。
例如:
Ishallwriteyoualetternextmonth.
Weshallbeverypleasedtoseeyou.但在口语中,所有人称都可以用will。
(2)在表示“带意愿色彩的将来”时,常用will。
Iwilltellyouallaboutit.
(3)在问对方是否愿意,或表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will。
Willyougotothezoowithme?
Willyoupleaseopenthewindow?
(4)在表示建议或征求对方意见时,可用shall。
Shallwegoatten?
Shallwegetsomefood?
2)
用“begoingto+动词原形”表示将来要发生的事或打算、计划、决定要做的事情。
WhatareyougoingtodonextSunday?
They’regoingtomeetoutsidetheschoolgate.
We’renotgoingtohaveanyclassesnextweek.
V.动词过去进行时(ThePastContinuousTense)
1)过去进行时的构成
过去进行时由was(were)+动词-ing构成。
现以动词work为例,其肯定式、否定式和疑问式见下表:
I/He/She/Itwasworking.
We/You/Theywereworking.
I/He/She/Itwasnotworking.
We/You/Theywerenotworking.
WasIworking?
Wereyouworking?
Washe/she/itworking?
Yes,he/she/itwas.
No,he/she/itwasnot.
Werewe/you/theyworking?
Yes,you/we/theywere.
No,you/we/theywerenot.
wasnot常简略为wasn’t;
werenot常简略为weren’t。
1)过去进行时的用法:
表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。
这一特定的过去时间,除有上下文暗示以外,一般用时间状语来表示。
Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?
Wewereworkinginclass.
Hewasmendinghisbikeatteno’clockyesterday.
Iwasdrawingahorsewhentheteachercamein.
Whileshewastryingtopassatruckbeforeher,shesawanothercarcoming.
4)一般过去时与过去进行时用法的比较:
一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。
Marywrotealettertoherfriendlastnight.
玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。
(信写完了)
Marywaswritingalettertoherfriendlastnight.
玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。
(信不一定写完)
VI.现在完成时(ThePresentPerfectTense)
1)现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成。
现以动词为例,将现在完成式的完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问句以及简略答语列表如下:
I/Youhaveworked.
He/She/Ithasworked.
We/You/Theyhaveworked.
I/Youhavenotworked.
He/She/Ithasnotworked.
We/You/Theyhavenotworked.
HaveI/Youworked?
Hashe/it/she/worked?
Havewe/you/theyhaveworked?
Yes,you/Ihave.
Yes,he/she/ithas.
Yes,you/we/theyhave.
No,you/Ihavenot,.
No,he/she/ithasnot.
No,you/Theyhavenot.
1.规则动词的过去分词与过去式相同。
不规则的过去分词见本书末(不规则动词表)。
2.havenot常简略为haven’t,hasnot常简略为hasn’t.
2)现在完成时的用法
用法
表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果
-Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?
-yes,Ihave.I’vejusthadit.
Ihavealreadypostedthephotos.
表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用。
表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。
Ihaven’tseen