Historical Timeline of Nuclear Medicine 核医学的发展史Word格式.docx

Historical Timeline of Nuclear Medicine 核医学的发展史Word格式.docx

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AlexanderGrahamBellsuggestedplacingsourcescontainingradiuminorneartumors.

1913

FrederickProescherpublishedthefirststudyontheintravenousinjectionofradiumfortherapyofvariousdiseases.

1914

Seilstudiedtheappearanceofradonandradiuminexcretaafteranintravenousinjectionofradium.

1924

GeorgdeHevesy,J.A.ChristiansenandSvenLomholtperformedthefirstradiotracer（lead-210andbismuth-210）studiesinanimals.

1925

HerrmanBlumgartandOttoYensusedbismuth-214（radium-C）todeterminethearm-to-armcirculationtimeinpatients.

1932

ErnestO.LawrenceandM.StanleyLivingstonpublishedthefirstarticleon"

theproductionofhighspeedlightionswithouttheuseofhighvoltages."

Itwasamilestoneintheproductionofusablequantitiesofradionuclides.

1935

O.ChieivitzandGeorgdeHevesyadministeredphosphatelabeledwithphosphorus-32toratsanddemonstratedtherenewalofthemineralconstituentsofbone.

1936

JohnH.Lawrence,thebrotherofErnest,madethefirstclinicaltherapeuticapplicationofanartificialradionuclidewhenheusedphosphorus-32totreatleukemia.

JosephGilbertHamiltonandRobertSpencerStoneadministeredsodium-24toaleukemiapatient.

1937

JohnLivingood,FredFairbrotherandGlennSeaborgdiscoverediron-59.

JosephGilbertHamiltonperformedthefirstmedicalphysiologystudiesofthedynamicsofsodiumtransportinthebody.

SaulHertz,ArthurRobertsandRobleyEvansstudiedthyroidphysiologyusingiodine-128

1938

JohnLivingoodandGlennSeaborgdiscoverediodine-131andcobalt-60.

EmilioSegreandGlennSeaborgdiscoveredtechnetium-99m.

1939

JosephGilbertHamilton,MayoSoleyandRobleyEvanspublishedthefirstpaperonthediagnosticusesofiodine-131inpatients

CharlesPecherobserveduptakeofstrontium-89inbonemetastases

MartinKamenandSamRubendiscoveredhowtomakecarbon-14,aradioactivetracerwidelyusedinmedicalanddrugresearch.

1940

TheRockefellerFoundationfundedthefirstcyclotrondedicatedforbiomedicalradioisotopeproductionatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis.

1941

SaulHertzgaveapatientthefirsttherapeuticdoseofiodine-130.

1942

EnricoFermiandhisassociatesdemonstratedthefirstcontrolledchainreactionunderthebleachersatStaggFieldattheUniversityofChicago.

1946

AllenReidandAlbertKestondiscoverediodine-125,whichbecameimportantinthefieldofradioimmunoassay.

SamuelM.Seidlin,LeoD.MarinelliandEleanorOshrytreatedapatientwiththyroidcancerwithiodine-131,an"

atomiccocktail."

1947

BenedictCassenusedradioiodinetodeterminewhetherathyroidnoduleaccumulatesiodine,helpingtodifferentiatebenignfrommalignantnodules.

GeorgeMooreusediodine-131labeleddiiodofluoresceinto"

probe"

thebrainfortumorsatsurgery.

1948

AbbottLaboratoriesbegandistributionofradioistopes.

1949

B.Selverstoneusedphosphorus-32todetectbraintumorsatsurgerywithaprobedetector.

1950

K.R.CrispellandJohnP.Storaasliusediodine-131labeledhumanserumalbumin（RISA）forimagingthebloodpoolwithintheheart.

AbbottLaboratoriessoldthefirstcommercialradiopharmaceutical,iodine-131humanserumalbumin（RISA）.

1951

TheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration（FDA）approvedsodiumiodide1-131forusewiththyroidpatients.ItwasthefirstFDA-approvedradiopharmaceutical.

BenedictCassen,LawrenceCurtis,CliftonReedandRaymondLibbyautomatedascintillationdetectorto"

scan"

thedistributionofradioiodinewithinthethyroidgland.

1953

GordonBrownellandH.H.Sweetbuiltapositrondetectorbasedonthedetectionofannihilationphotonsbymeansofcoincidencecounting.

RobertF.SchillinginventedatestofvitaminB-12absorption,whichplaysakeyroleinnuclearhematology.

1954

DavidKuhlinventedaphotorecordingsystemforradionuclidescanning.Thisdevelopmentmovednuclearmedicinefurtherinthedirectionofradiology.

1955

RexHuffmeasuredthecardiacoutputinmanusingiodine-131humanserumalbumin.

GeorgeV.Taplinusediodine-131labeledrosebengaltoimagetheliver.Healsousedradioiodinatedhippurantomeasurekidneyfunctionwithscintillationdetectors.

1957

W.D.Tucker'

sgroupattheBrookhavenNationalLaboratoryinventedtheiodine-132andtechnetium-99mgenerator,makingtheseshort-livedradionuclidesavailableatdistantsitesfromtheproductionoftheparentradionuclides.

H.Knippingusedxenon-133tomeasurelungventilation.

1958

HalAngerinventedthe"

scintillationcamera,"

animagingdevicethatmadeitpossibletoconductdynamicstudies.

1959

SolomonBersonandRosalynYalowinventedthetechniqueofradioimmunoassaytodetectinsulinantibodiesinhumanserum.

PickerX-RayCompanydeliveredthefirst3-inchrectilinearscanner.

1960

LouisG.Stang,Jr.,andPowell（Jim）Richardsadvertisedtechnetium-99mandothergeneratorsforsalebyBrookhavenNationalLaboratory.Technetium-99mhadnotyetbeenusedinnuclearmedicine.

JohnMcAfeeandHenryWagnerimagedthekidneyswithradiomercurylabeledchlormerodrin.

1961

Allis-ChalmersinstalledthefirstU.S."

medicalcenter"

cyclotronatWashingtonUniversityMedicalSchool.ThecyclotronwasdesignedbyM.M.Ter-Pogossian.

1962

DavidKuhlintroducedemissionreconstructiontomography.ThismethodlaterbecameknownasSPECTandPET.ItwasextendedinradiologytotransmissionX-rayscanning,knownasCT.

JohnKuranz,NuclearChicago,deliveredthefirstcommercialAngercameratoWilliamMyersatOhioStateUniversity.

1963

TheFDAexemptedthe"

newdrug"

requirementsforradiopharmaceuticalsregulatedbytheAtomicEnergyCommission.

HenryWagnerfirstusedradiolabeledalbuminaggregatesforimaginglungperfusioninnormalpersonsandpatientswithpulmonaryembolism.

GeorgeV.Taplindevelopedalbuminaggregatesforstudyofphagocytosisbythereticuloendothelialsystem.

B.AnsellandB.M.Cookusedradiolabeledcolloidsforradiationsynovectomy.

1964

PaulHarperandKatherineLathrupdevelopedradiotracerslabeledwithTc-99mforthestudyofbrain,thyroidandliver.

Amershammarketedthefirstcommercialradioimmunoassaykit（iodine-125insulinkit）.

1968

HenryWagnerandcolleaguesusedxenon-133ventilationscanstodiagnosepulmonaryembolism.

1969

C.L.Edwardsreportedtheaccumulationofgallium-67incancer.

1970

W.EckelmanandP.RichardsdevelopedTc-99m"

instantkit"

radiopharmaceuticals.ThefirstonewasTc-99m-DTPA.

TheFDAannouncedthatitwouldgraduallywithdrawtheexemptiongrantedtoradiopharmaceuticalsandstartregulatingthemasdrugs.ThechangewouldbecompletedbyJanuary20,1977.

1971

TheAmericanMedicalAssociationofficiallyrecognizednuclearmedicineasamedicalspeciality.

GopalSubramanianandJohnMcAfeeintroducedTc-99mlabeledphosphatesforboneimaging.

1972

DavidKuhlperformedthefirstquantitativemeasurementofcerebralbloodvolumeinlivingpatients.

1973

H.WilliamStraussintroducedtheexercisestress-testmyocardialscan.

ElliotLebowitzintroducedthallium-201formyocardialperfusionimaging,firstproposedbyKawana.

DavidGoldenbergdemonstratedthatradiolabeledantibodiesagainstahumantumorantigen（CEA）couldtargetandimagehumantumorsinanimals.

1976

JohnKeyesdevelopedthefirstgeneralpurposesinglephotoemissioncomputedtomography（SPECT）camera.RonaldJaszczakdevelopedthefirstdedicatedheadSPECTcamera.

N.Firusianusedstrontium-89toreducepainfrommetastaticbonedisease.

RonaldJaszczakdevelopedthefirstdedicatedheadSPECTcamera.

1977

TheFDArequiredmanufacturerstoobtainanapprovednewdrugapplicationfornewandexistingradiopharmaceuticals.Therequirementsareessentiallythesameasthoseforotherprescriptiondrugs.

NewEnglandNuclearreceivedFDAapprovaltodistributethallium-201formyocardialperfusionandthediagnosisandlocationofmyocardialinfarction.

1978

DavidGoldenbergusedradiolabeledantibodiestoimagetumorsinhumans.

1981

J.P.Machusedradiolabeledmonoclonalantibodiesfortumorimaging.

K.A.Krohn,D.R.VeraandS.M.SteffendevelopedthefirstTc-99mlabeledreceptorligand.

1982

SteveLarsonandJeffCarrasquillotreatedcancerpatientswithmalignantmelanomausingiodine-131labeledmonoclonalantibodies.

1983

WilliamEckelmanandRichardRebacarriedoutthefirstsuccessfulSPECTimagingofaneuroreceptorinhumans.

HenryWagnercarriedoutthefirstsuccessfulPETimagingofaneuroreceptorusinghimselfastheexperimentalsubject.

1987

Medi-PhysicsreceivedFDAapprovaltomarketthefirstbrainperfusionimagingradiopharmaceutical,iodine-123IMP.

1988

ThefirstTc-99mbrainperfusionradiopharmaceutical,introducedbyAmersham,wasapprovedbytheFDAforthediagnosisofstroke.

1989

TheFDAapprovedthefirstpositronradiopharmaceutical（rubidium-82）formyocardialperfusionimaging.

1990

SteveLambertsandEricKrenningimagedendocrinetumorswithsomatostatinreceptor-bindingradiotracers.

LoyolaUniversityNuclearInformationSystem（LUNIS）,thefirsteducationalworldwideinteractivecomputernetworkfornucle