考研数学二向量docWord文件下载.docx

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veapparentlylearnediswhento（8）.

Isthereanadaptivevalueto（9）intelligence?

That'

sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance（10）atallthespecieswe'

veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal（11）ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis（12）themindofeveryanimalwe'

veevermet.

Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould（13）onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,（14）,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat（15）animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto（16）thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally（17）,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.（18）,theywouldhopetostudya（n）（19）question:

Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?

（20）theresultsareinconclusive.

（分数：

（1）.A.SupposeB.ConsiderC.ObserveD.Imagine（分数：

0.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.

（2）.A.tendedB.fearedC.happenedD.threatened（分数：

（3）.A.thinnerB.stablerC.lighterD.dimmer（分数：

（4）.A.tendencyB.advantageC.inclinationD.priority（分数：

（5）.A.insistsonB.sumsupC.turnsoutD.putsforward（分数：

（6）.A.offB.behindC.overD.along（分数：

（7）.A.incredibleB.spontaneousC.inevitableD.gradual（分数：

（8）.A.fightB.doubtC.stopD.think（分数：

（9）.A.invisibleB.limitedC.indefiniteD.different（分数：

（10）.A.upwardB.forwardC.afterwardD.backward（分数：

（11）.A.featuresB.influencesC.resultsD.costs（分数：

（12）.A.outsideB.onC.byD.across（分数：

（13）.A.deliverB.carryC.performD.apply（分数：

（14）.A.bychanceB.incontrastC.asusualD.forinstance（分数：

（15）.A.ifB.unlessC.asD.lest（分数：

（16）.A.moderateB.overcomeC.determineD.reach（分数：

（17）.A.atB.forC.afterD.with（分数：

（18）.A.AboveallB.AfterallC.HoweverD.Otherwise（分数：

（19）.A.fundamentalB.comprehensiveC.equivalentD.hostile（分数：

（20）.A.ByaccidentB.IntimeC.SofarD.Betterstill（分数：

二、SectionⅡReadingCo（总题数：

0，分数：

0.00）

三、PartA（总题数：

四、Text1（总题数：

Addictionissuchaharmfulbehavior,infact,thatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:

ifit'

shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluence,imaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.Andyet,saysDr.NoraVolkow,directorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction,"

theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood."

That'

sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience--thatis,specialrelevance.Threats,forexample,arehighlysalient,whichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugs,ourmemorysystems,rewardcircuits,decision-makingskillsandconditioningkickin--salienceinoverdrive--tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."

Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction,"

saysVolkow."

Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctions,everyonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol."

Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviors,fromgamblingtoshoppingtosex,maystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow'

sresearchgroup,forexample,hasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli--includingthemouth,lipsandtongue.Forthem,activatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddiction,though.

Ofcourse,noteveryonebecomesanaddict.That'

sbecausewehaveother,moreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.Paulus,forexample,lookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital'

sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenough,brainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortex,whererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It'

simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsers--aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.Tohissurprise,Paulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetime,hecouldaccuratelypredictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans.

Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain'

srewardsystem,poweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.ThehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectOfthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignal,youcanloosenthedrug'

shold.

（1）.AccordingtoDr.NoraVolkow,theuseofdrugs

[A]isaveryharmfulbehaviorthatevolutionfailedtogetridof.

[B]makesithardforpeopletodrivesafelyunderitsinfluence.

[C]hastodowithpeople'

sdesiretoachievepleasantfeelings.

[D]isunderstandablebehaviorbecauseitdatesbacklongago.（分数：

2.00）

（2）.Accordingtothetext,anyonemaybeaddictedtodrugsifthey

[A]arebornwithapredispositiontoaddiction.

[B]usecertainchemicalslongandfrequentlyenough.

[C]havesufficientdrugsoralcoholtouse.

[D]createanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving.（分数：

（3）.Compulsiveeatersaretypicalexampleof

[A]pleasureturningintohabitsandfinallyaddiction.

[B]obesepeoplewithbrainhyperactivity.

[C]thosewhocan'

tcontroltheirmouth,lipsandtongue.

[D]thosewhomightalsobeaddictedtogambling.（分数：

（4）.Pauluscouldaccuratelypredicttherelapsersbecause

[A]thepartoftheirbraincontrollingcognitiveskillsislessactive.

[B]afour-weekintensiverehabilitationprogramisnoteffectiveenough.

[C]hehasthedevicessophisticatedenoughtoscananybraindamage.

[D]somethinginnatetotheirbrainspromptthemtousedrugs.（分数：

（5）.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatwemaycureaddictionby

[A]scanningofbrainasoftenaspossible.

[B]consciouslypracticingcognitiveskills.

[C]goingthroughintensiverehabilitationprograms.

[D]makingtheneurotransmitterlesssensitive.（分数：

五、Text2（总题数：

MichaelPorter,whohasmadehisnamethroughoutthebusinesscommunitybyadvocatinghistheoriesofcompetitiveadvantages,isnowswimmingintoevenmoreshark-infestedwaters,arguingthatcompetitioncansaveevenAmerica'

stroubledhealth-caresystem,thelargestintheworld.Mr.Porterarguesin"

RedefiningHealthCare"

thatcompetition,ifproperlyapplied,canalsofixwhatailsthissector.

Thatisaboldclaim,giventhehorriblestateofAmerica'

shealth-caresystem.Justconsiderafewofitsfailings:

Americapaysmorepercapitaforhealthcarethanmostcountries,butitstillhassome45mcitizenswithnohealthinsuranceatall.Whileafewreceiveoutstandingtreatment,heshowsinheart-wrenchingdetailthatmostdonot.Thesystem,wasteshugeresourcesonpaperwork,ignorespreventivecareand,aboveall,hasperverseincentivesthatencourageshiftingcostsratherthancuttingthemoutright.Heconcludesthatitis"

onadangerouspath,withatoxiccombinationofhighcosts,unevenquality,frequenterrorsandlimitedaccesstocare."

Manyobserverswouldagreewiththisdiagnosis,butmanywouldundoubtedlydisagreewiththisadvocacyofmoremarketforces.Doctorshaveanintuitivedistrustofcompetition,whichtheyoftenequatewithgreed,whilemanypublic-policythinkersarguethattheonlywaytofixAmerica'

sproblem