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KeyWords:
bodylanguage;
communication;
Westerncountries;
China;
differences
Chapter1Introduction
Bodylanguagecanconveyinformation,expresssentimentandcancommunicatewithpeople.However,ithasonlybeenaboutthirtyyearssincetheanthropologistR·
L·
Birdwhistellestablishedthekinesics.Bodylanguage,asayoungsubject,hasjuststudiedformorethanthirtyyears.Inforeigncountries,ithasbeenprevalentforacertaintimeaboutthestudyofbodylanguageandexpertsstudythebodylanguagefromdifferentaspectsinadeeperway.Somescientistsinforeigncountrieshaveconcludedthatthefaceofhumanbeingscanpresentabout250,000kindsofdifferentexpressions.InJapan,apsychologistdrewaconclusionthateyebrowscouldconveymorethanfortykindsofmeanings.Inthe1980s,bodylanguagehasbecomeanewedgediscipline,attractingthelinguistsforitsfurtherstudy.InChina,Huwuzhongthinksthatnon-verbalcommunicationasanindependentdisciplineisthemostimportantcomponentinlanguagecommunication.However,itisjustthebeginningofthestudyaboutthestudyofbodylanguageandthebodylanguagewithChinesecharacteristicshasnotbeensetup.
Whenpeoplespeakofthecommunication,firsttheywillthinkofthelanguage,whichistheverbalbehavior.Theverbalbehaviorisaprocessrelyingonthelanguageinstrument,includingtext(writtenlanguages)andverbal(orallanguage)tocarrythroughcommuniondeliveringideaandopinionandtransferringinformation.Languageisanimportanttoolofhumancommunication,butitisnottheonlytoolofcommunication.Infact,inadditiontolanguage,thereisamoreabundantcontentofthemeansofcommunicationthatisnon-verbal.Thenon-verbalcommunicationisthelanguageofalltheactsofcommunication;
itisveryfrequentinthefrequencyofdailylife.Asmile,alook,andagesturebelongtobenon-verbalbehavior(huang,2003:
16).Itisdifficulttofancyandcannotbeprocessedthatthecommunicationbetweenthepeoplejustdependonwordswithoutanyaccompanyinggesturesorpostures.That,atleast,isnotasufficientcommunication.Itisimpossiblenottohavetheverbalbehaviorinhuman’scommunication,butthenon-verbalcommunicationgoeswiththeverbalcommunication.Bothofthemformthecompleteprocessofcommunicationandalsohavetheirowncharacteristicsandfunctions.Non-verbalcommunicationcanrepresentpeople’spsychologicalactivitiesrichlyandaccurately.
Asthemaincomponentofnon-verbalcommunication,bodylanguagehasitsowntrait,effect,andfunction.Itmustcomplywiththe“principlesofcooperation”justasverbalcommunication(Yang,1994:
16).
Inthethesis,itmainlyanalysesthedifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternbodylanguageandtheirapplicationincommunication.Whatismore,wecanlearneffectivemethodstoguidethecommunicationincross-culturalcommunication.
Inordertounderstandaculturewellandmakethecommunicationmoreeffective,itisnecessaryandsignificanttoknowthedefinition,theimportanceanddiscussthecharacteristicsandfunctionsofbodylanguages.Atthesametime,itisalsoveryusefultoenhancethecommunicationanddeepentheunderstandingfromtheresearchofthedifferences.Wecanbuildupbetterrelationshipsandharmoniousatmosphereswithwesterncountriesfromthethesis.
Chapter2TheDefinition,ImportanceandFunctionofBodyLanguageinCommunication
2.1TheDefinitionofBodyLanguage
Bodylanguage,asamostcomponentpartofnonverballanguage,whichisnotalanguageinthestrictsenseoftheword“language”.“Bodylanguageisexpressinghowonefeelsbyone’ssitting,standing,moving,etc,ratherbywords”(OxfordAdvancedLearnersEnglish-ChineseDictionary,1997).BodylanguageisalsocalledKinesics,includingeyecontact,gestures,postures,facialexpressions,andphysicaldistance.
2.2TheImportanceofBodyLanguage
Aninvestigationintothefunctionsofthefactorsofverbalandnonverbalcommunicationsshows:
35%informationistransferredbylanguage;
theother65%arebynonverbalpatterns(Samovaretal,1981).Otherstudyindicates:
only7%emotionsinpeople’scommunicationarepassedbylanguage.Theother93%arebynonverbalpatterns.AmericanscholarDeleig•Bronan(1991)pointedoutthatHuman’scommunicationconsistsofwriting,oralandbodythreeparts.Becauseofcultureprejudices,agreatmajorityofeducatedpeopleoftenthinkthatwrittenlanguageismostimportant;
theorallanguageisthesecond.Thebodylanguageisrankedlast.However,whetherfromthecontinuouslyevolutionofwholehumanityorfromapersonalpointofview,thestudyindicatesthatbodylanguageisthemostimportantpartamongthethreeparts.Thisshowsthenecessityandimportanceofbodylanguage.
Bodylanguageincommunicationplaysanirreplaceableroleinhuman’scommunications.Psychologystudyfound:
Intheface-to-facecommunicationbetweentwopeople,morethan50%oftheexchangeofinformationisachievedthroughasilentbodylanguage.BodyLanguageisaninternationalone,anddifferentcountriesinthecaseoflanguagebarriercanusebodylanguagetocommunicate.Ithasbeenfoundthatpeoplewithadailyaverageofspeech,only10%ofthetimeofthecontactscommunicationwithverballanguage.Withpeopleoftheirtimeareengagedinasubtlebodylanguagetocommunicate.Sometimes,thebodylanguageisenoughtoexpressalltheinformation,butratherredundantlanguage.Aslongaspeoplefeelthattheyareinthescopeofoneanother,bodylanguagechannelsofcommunicationexist.Theso-calledbodylanguagemeans,includesthosefromtheeyes,physicalcontact,posturemoves,facialexpressions,aswellasthenon-verbalsignalstothebody.Asdifferentculturehasbeendeeplyingrainedintheirhabitsandacceptstheoppositesignal.Therefore,weshouldnotoverlooktheimpactofculturalbindingonbodylanguageandtheenvironmentgivendifferencesinthedifferentmeanings.Inourconversation,thecommunicationmeansisnotlimitedtowords,althoughwearenotawareofthispoint.Ourfacialexpressions,gestures,movementsinotherpartsofthebody,canconveythemessagetothepeoplearound.Lendingahandwithasmileistoshowthewelcome;
frowningexpressesdissatisfaction;
noddingisagreement,andwavingmeansgoodbye.Whenlisteningtospeechorreport,thebodyreliesonagainstthebackofachairoronesyawn,whichreflectsthespeechorreportuninteresting.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheseactionsindicatedabovesense,atleasttheChineseandAmericansarelikethis.Theseactionsarepartofthemeansofcommunication.Bodylanguageisapartofourculture.However,inadifferentculture,thesignificanceofbodylanguageisnotexactlythesame.Allethnicgroupshavedifferentwaysofthenon-discourse.Therefore,theeffectiveuseofEnglishCommunication,insomelanguagemustbeunderstoodbythespeaker’sofgestures,movements,andcanbeexpressedbythemeaningofsuchbehavior.
2.3TheFunctionofBodyLanguage
2.3.1ToExchangeIdeas
Toexchangeideasisthemostbasicsocialfunctionofthelanguage.Indailyverbalcommunication,bodylanguageisalsoinvolvedintheoralcommunication.Thespeaker,consciouslyorunconsciously,usesbodylanguagetomatchthelanguageforexpressingideas;
thelistenersalsounderstandideastransferredbybodylanguage(Yang,1994:
26).Sometimesbodylanguageevencanexpressideasdirectly,especiallyatthekindofoccasionthatisinappropriatetospeakorsomebodydoesn’twanttospeak.Forexample,attheplacewhereisasquietasthereadingroom,itisnotappropriateforpeopletotalkorcommunicate.
However,languagecanexpresspeople’sthoughtandreflectthereality.Bodylanguagecanexpressandexchangeideas,butitcannotbeequivalentwithverballanguageincommunication,especiallyinthecomplicatedthoughtandemotionsofhumanbeings.However,ifthebodylanguagecanbeusedaccompanyingwiththeorallanguage,whichcanmakepeople’sexpressionsbetterandcomplete.Besidesp