WikipediaWikipedia the free encyclopediaWord文件下载.docx

WikipediaWikipedia the free encyclopediaWord文件下载.docx

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o2.5Defensesagainstundesirableedits

o2.6Coverageoftopics

o2.7Quality

o2.8Reliability

o2.9Community

∙3Operation

o3.1WikimediaFoundationandtheWikimediachapters

o3.2Softwareandhardware

o3.3Mobileaccess

∙4Languageeditions

∙5Culturalsignificance

∙6Relatedprojects

∙7Seealso

∙8Notes

∙9Furtherreading

∙10Externallinks

Wikipediaisafree,[3]web-based,collaborative,multilingualencyclopediaprojectsupportedbythenon-profitWikimediaFoundation.Its17millionarticles（over3.4millioninEnglish）havebeenwrittencollaborativelybyvolunteersaroundtheworld,andalmostallofitsarticlescanbeeditedbyanyonewithaccesstothesite.[4]Wikipediawaslaunchedin2001byJimmyWalesandLarrySanger[5]andhasbecomethelargestandmostpopulargeneralreferenceworkontheInternet,[2][6][7][8]rankingseventhamongallwebsitesonAlexaandhaving365millionreaders.[9][10]

ThenameWikipediawascoinedbyLarrySanger[11]andisaportmanteaufromwiki（atechnologyforcreatingcollaborativewebsites,fromtheHawaiianwordwiki,meaning"

quick"

）andencyclopedia.

AlthoughthepoliciesofWikipediastronglyespouseverifiabilityandaneutralpointofview,criticsofWikipediaaccuseitofsystemicbiasandinconsistencies（includingundueweightgiventopopularculture）,[12]andallegethatitfavorsconsensusovercredentialsinitseditorialprocesses.[13]Itsreliabilityandaccuracyarealsotargeted.[14]Othercriticismscenteronitssusceptibilitytovandalismandtheadditionofspuriousorunverifiedinformation,[15]thoughscholarlyworksuggeststhatvandalismisgenerallyshort-lived,[16][17]andaninvestigationinNaturefoundthatthesciencearticlestheycomparedcameclosetothelevelofaccuracyofEncyclopæ

diaBritannicaandhadasimilarrateof"

seriouserrors"

.[18]

Wikipedia'

sdeparturefromtheexpert-drivenstyleoftheencyclopediabuildingmodeandthelargepresenceofunacademiccontenthavebeennotedseveraltimes.WhenTimemagazinerecognizedYouasitsPersonoftheYearfor2006,acknowledgingtheacceleratingsuccessofonlinecollaborationandinteractionbymillionsofusersaroundtheworld,itcitedWikipediaasoneofseveralexamplesofWeb2.0services,alongwithYouTube,MySpace,andFacebook.[19]SomenotedtheimportanceofWikipedianotonlyasanencyclopedicreferencebutalsoasafrequentlyupdatednewsresourcebecauseofhowquicklyarticlesaboutrecenteventsappear.[20][21]StudentshavebeenassignedtowriteWikipediaarticlesasanexerciseinclearlyandsuccinctlyexplainingdifficultconceptstoanuninitiatedaudience.[22]

History

Mainarticle:

HistoryofWikipedia

WikipediabeganasacomplementaryprojectforNupedia,afreeonlineEnglish-languageencyclopediaprojectwhosearticleswerewrittenbyexpertsandreviewedunderaformalprocess.NupediawasfoundedonMarch9,2000,undertheownershipofBomis,Inc,awebportalcompany.ItsmainfigureswereJimmyWales,BomisCEO,andLarrySanger,editor-in-chiefforNupediaandlaterWikipedia.NupediawaslicensedinitiallyunderitsownNupediaOpenContentLicense,switchingtotheGNUFreeDocumentationLicensebeforeWikipedia'

sfoundingattheurgingofRichardStallman.[23]

LarrySangerandJimmyWalesfoundedWikipedia.[24][25]WhileWalesiscreditedwithdefiningthegoalofmakingapubliclyeditableencyclopedia,[26][27]Sangerisusuallycreditedwiththestrategyofusingawikitoreachthatgoal.[28]OnJanuary10,2001,LarrySangerproposedontheNupediamailinglisttocreateawikiasa"

feeder"

projectforNupedia.[29]WikipediawasformallylaunchedonJanuary15,2001,asasingleEnglish-languageeditionat,[30]andannouncedbySangerontheNupediamailinglist.[26]Wikipedia'

spolicyof"

neutralpoint-of-view"

[31]wascodifiedinitsinitialmonths,andwassimilartoNupedia'

searlier"

nonbiased"

policy.Otherwise,therewererelativelyfewrulesinitiallyandWikipediaoperatedindependentlyofNupedia.[26]

WikipediagainedearlycontributorsfromNupedia,Slashdotpostings,andwebsearchengineindexing.Itgrewtoapproximately20,000articlesand18languageeditionsbytheendof2001.Bylate2002,ithadreached26languageeditions,46bytheendof2003,and161bythefinaldaysof2004.[32]NupediaandWikipediacoexisteduntiltheformer'

sserversweretakendownpermanentlyin2003,anditstextwasincorporatedintoWikipedia.EnglishWikipediapassedthetwomillion-articlemarkonSeptember9,2007,makingitthelargestencyclopediaeverassembled,eclipsingeventheYongleEncyclopedia（1407）,whichhadheldtherecordforexactly600 

years.[33]

CitingfearsofcommercialadvertisingandlackofcontrolinaperceivedEnglish-centricWikipedia,usersoftheSpanishWikipediaforkedfromWikipediatocreatetheEnciclopediaLibreinFebruary2002.[34]Laterthatyear,WalesannouncedthatWikipediawouldnotdisplayadvertisements,anditswebsitewasmovedtowikipedia.org.[35]Variousotherwiki-encyclopediaprojectshavebeenstarted,largelyunderadifferentphilosophyfromtheopenandNPOVeditorialmodelofWikipedia.Wikinfodoesnotrequireaneutralpointofviewandallowsoriginalresearch.NewWikipedia-inspiredprojects 

–suchasCitizendium,Scholarpedia,Conservapedia,andGoogle'

sKnolwherethearticlesarealittlemoreessayistic[36] 

–havebeenstartedtoaddressperceivedlimitationsofWikipedia,suchasitspoliciesonpeerreview,originalresearch,andcommercialadvertising.

ThoughtheEnglishWikipediareachedthreemillionarticlesinAugust2009,thegrowthoftheedition,intermsofthenumbersofarticlesandofcontributors,appearedtohaveflattenedoffaroundearly2007.[37]InJuly2007,about2,200articleswereaddeddailytotheencyclopedia;

asofAugust2009[update],thataverageis1,300.AteamledbyEdH.ChiatthePaloAltoResearchCenterspeculatedthatthisisduetotheincreasingexclusivenessoftheproject.[38]Neworoccasionaleditorshavesignificantlyhigherratesoftheireditsreverted（removed）thananelitegroupofregulareditors,colloquiallyknownasthe"

cabal."

Thiscouldmakeitmoredifficultfortheprojecttorecruitandretainnewcontributors,overthelongtermresultinginstagnationinarticlecreation.Otherssimplypointoutthatthelow-hangingfruit,theobviousarticleslikeChina,alreadyexist,andbelievethatthegrowthisflatteningnaturally.[39][40]

InNovember2009,aPh.DthesiswrittenbyFelipeOrtega,aresearcherattheReyJuanCarlosUniversityinMadrid,foundthattheEnglishWikipediahadlost49,000editorsduringthefirstthreemonthsof2009;

incomparison,theprojectlostonly4,900editorsduringthesameperiodin2008.[41][42]TheWallStreetJournalreportedthat"

unprecedentednumbersofthemillionsofonlinevolunteerswhowrite,editandpolice[Wikipedia]arequitting."

Thearrayofrulesappliedtoeditinganddisputesrelatedtosuchcontentareamongthereasonsforthistrendthatarecitedinthearticle.[43]TheseclaimsweredisputedbyJimmyWales,whodeniedthedeclineandquestionedthemethodologyofthestudy.[44]

NatureofWikipedia

Seealso:

ReliabilityofWikipedia,CriticismofWikipedia, 

andAcademicstudiesaboutWikipedia

Editingmodel

Wikipedia:

Howtoeditapage 

andWikipedia:

Templatemessages

Indeparturefromthestyleoftraditionalencyclopedias,Wikipediaemploysanopen,"

wiki"

editingmodel.Exceptforafewparticularlyvandalism-pronepages,everyarticlemaybeeditedanonymouslyorwithauseraccount,whileonlyregisteredusersmaycreateanewarticle（onlyintheEnglishedition）.Noarticleisownedbyitscreatororanyothereditor,orisvettedbyanyrecognizedauthority;

rather,thearticlesareagreedonbyconsensus.[46]

Mostimportantly,whenchangestoanarticlearemade,theybecomeavailableimmediatelybeforeundergoinganyreview,nomatteriftheycontainanerror,aresomehowmisguided,orevenpatentnonsense.TheGermanandtheHungarianeditionsofWikipediaareexceptionstothisrule:

theGermanWikipediahasbeentestingasystemofmaintaining"

stableversions"

ofarticles,[47]toallowareadertoseeversionsofarticlesthathavepassedcertainreviews.TheEnglisheditionofWikipediaplanstotrialarelatedapproach.[48][49]InJune2010,itwasannouncedthattheEnglishWikipediawouldremovestricteditingrestrictionsfrom"

controversial"

orvandalism-pronearticles（suchasGeorgeW.Bush,DavidCameronorhomework）.Inplaceofaneditingprohibitionforneworunregisteredusers,therewouldbea"

newsystem,called'

pendingchanges'

"

which,JimmyWalestoldtheBBC,wouldenabletheEnglishWikipedia"

toopenuparticlesforgeneraleditingthathavebeenprotectedorsemi-protectedforyears."

The"

pendingchanges"

systemwasintroducedonJune15,shortlyafter11pmGMT.Editstospecifiedarticlesarenow"

subjecttoreviewfromanestablishedWikipediaeditorbeforepublication."

WalesoptedagainsttheGermanWikipediamodelofrequiringeditorreviewbeforeeditstoanyarticle,describingitas"

neithernecessarynordesirable."

HeaddedthattheadministratorsoftheGermanWikipediawere"

goingtobecloselywatchingtheEnglishsystem,andI'

msurethey'

llatleastconsiderswitchingiftheresultsaregood."

[50]

Contributors,registeredornot,cantakeadvantageoffeaturesavailableinthesoftwarethatpowersWikipedia.The"

History"

pageattachedtoeacharticlerecordseverysin