AWA 55经验针对Erater设计的结构模板分享Word文档格式.docx
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vocabularyusage.
Thediagnosticfeedbackisbasedona
suiteofprograms(writinganalysistools)thatidentifytheessay’sdiscoursestructure,recognizeundesirablestylisticfeatures,andevaluateandprovide
feedbackonerrorsingrammar,usage,andmechanics.
Thewritinganalysistoolsidentify
fivemaintypesofgrammar,usage,andmechanicserrors–agreementerrors,verbformationerrors,wrongworduse,missing
punctuation,andtypographicalerrors.Theapproachtodetecting
violationsofgeneralEnglishgrammariscorpusbasedandstatistical,andcan
beexplainedasfollows.
Thesystemistrainedonalargecorpusofeditedtext,
fromwhichitextractsandcountssequencesofadjacentwordandpart-of-speech
pairscalledbigrams.Thesystemthensearchesstudentessaysforbigramsthat
occurmuchlessoftenthanwouldbeexpectedbasedonthecorpusfrequencies.
Thewritinganalysistoolsalso
highlightaspectsofstylethatthewritermaywishtorevise,suchastheuse
ofpassivesentences,aswellasverylongorveryshortsentenceswithinthe
essay.Anotherfeatureofundesirablestylethatthesystemdetectsisthepresenceofoverlyrepetitiouswords,aproperty
oftheessaythatmightaffectitsratingofoverallquality(Burstein&
Wolska,2003).
Finally,thewritinganalysistools
providefeedbackaboutdiscourseelementspresentorabsentintheessay
(Burstein,Marcu,andKnight,2003).Thediscourseanalysisapproachisbased
onalinearrepresentationofthetext.Itassumestheessaycanbesegmented
intosequencesofdiscourseelements,whichincludeintroductorymaterial(toprovidethecontext
orsetthestage),athesisstatement(tostatethewriter’spositionin
relation
totheprompt),mainideas(toasserttheauthor’smain
message),supportingideas(toprovideevidenceandsupporttheclaimsinthe
mainideas,thesis,orconclusion),andaconclusion(tosummarizetheessay’s
entireargument).
Inordertoidentifythevarious
discourseelements,thesystemwastrainedonalargecorpusofhumanannotated
essays(Burstein,Marcu,andKnight,2003).
Belowpresentsanexampleofan
annotatedessay.
AStudentEssayWith
AnnotatedDiscourseElements
<
IntroductoryMaterial>
“You
can’talwaysdowhatyouwanttodo!
”mymothersaid.Shescoldedmefordoing
whatIthoughtwasbestforme.ItisverydifficulttodosomethingthatIdo
notwanttodo.<
/Introductory
Material>
<
Thesis>
ButnowthatIammatureenoughtotake
responsibilityformyactions,Iunderstandthatmanytimesinourliveswe
havetodowhatweshoulddo.However,makingimportantdecisions,like
determiningyourgoalforthefuture,shouldbesomethingthatyouwanttodo
andenjoydoing.<
/Thesis>
I’ve
seenmanysuccessfulpeoplewhoaredoctors,artists,teachers,designers,etc.<
MainPoint>
Inmyopiniontheywereconsidered
successfulpeoplebecausetheywereabletofindwhattheyenjoydoingand
workedhardforit.<
/MainPoint>
Irrelevant>
Itis
easytodeterminethathe/sheissuccessful,notbecauseit’swhatothers
think,butbecausehe/shehavesucceedinwhathe/shewantedtodo.<
/Irrelevant>
In
Korea,whereIgrewup,manyparentsseemtopushtheirchildrenintobeing
doctors,lawyers,engineeretc.<
/IntroductoryMaterial>
Parents
believethattheirkidsshouldbecomewhattheybelieveisrightforthem,but
mostkidshavetheirownchoiceandoftendoesn’tchoosethesamecareeras
theirparent’s.<
/Main
Point>
Support>
I’veseenadoctorwhowasn’thappyatall
withherjobbecauseshethoughtthatbecomingdoctoriswhatsheshoulddo.
Thatpersonlaterhadtoswitchherjobtowhatshereallywantedtodosince
shewasalittlegirl,whichwasteaching.<
/Support>
Conclusion>
mightknowwhat’sbestfortheirownchildrenindailybase,butdecidinga
longtermgoalforthemshouldbeone’sowndecisionofwhathe/shelikestodo
andwanttodo
/Conclusion>
读完上面的内容,大家大概就会对ETS的评分标准有了一个大概的了解,其实准备起来的话,我觉得模板是必不可少的,一则可以稳定心情,不至于考试时慌张,二则可以快速勾勒出整个文章框架
大家可能觉得最难写的是AI,事实上如果用了模板(注意:
不是废话模板,而是结构模板)可以让你迅速发散思维,扩充字数。
(插一句,谈一下字数的重要性,为何字数重要呢?
大家看了Erater的评分标准,就会发现,他的评错是按照错误语法和拼写的总数除以字数,所以说,字数越多,当然分数就会提高。
)
回到主题,如何用结构模板,我的AI模板是这样写的
Whichisamore..?
(Theissuehereiswhether….)Thespeaker’sopinionisthat(Repeat
author’sopinion.Tojustifyhisclaim,thespeakerarguesthat…<
Inmyview,
however,(eachofthesealternativesisviableincertaincircumstances/In
determiningwhether…,onemustweigh…against…)
Onbalance,<
overallTS>
Myview
canbegreatlysubstantiatedbythefollowingdiscussions.
Ontheonehand,thereisnodenyingthat<
TS1:
正说Speaker’s
opinion>
…<
Afterall,<
giveacondition>
….<
Support:
Reason>
ThereasonI’m
presentingheretosupportmy
viewisthat……Without……,itisalmostimpossiblethat……<
Evidence>
Toillustrate,letuslookattheexampleof…..(Bothcommon
senseandpersonalexperiencehavetoldusthat……)<
Consequently,itisprettyobviousthat……Otherwise,…<
TS1>
Futhermore,……<
TS2:
反证Speaker’sopinioneg.If..nottrue,then…>
Reason>
Thereasonhereisnotfartoseek…<
Evidence>
Agoodexamplecanbe
foundinthecaseof…<
Hence,alltheevidenceabovedemonstrates(beyondanydoubt)
that…<
TS2>
Onthe
otherhand,Idisagreewithauthorthat……<
Iwouldliketopoint
outthattheauthoroverstates……’srelativeimportance,andfailstoconsider
othercriticalfactors.<
evidence>
Forexample,….<
Therefore,underthiscircumstance,itis
obviousthat…<
TS3>
Inconclusion,
issueof<
has
arousedmuchcontroversy.Whileinsomecases,inmanycasesitwillnot.(whileitappears
paradoxicaltorecommendthat,itisnot)…(Although…,it…/whileA…,B…)Onthebasisofmyabovediscussion,Iamquiteconfident
toarriveattheconclusionthat……
(红色是要自己添进去的,绿色是结构标示,只是作illustrationpurpose)
大家会发现,只要结构清楚,总分总,分的部分写三段,每段也是用总分总来写,中间夹着<
supportby
reason>
supportbyevidence/example>
其实是很容易写到500多字的,尤其是有了example,你的内容会显得丰富了许多。
很多nn谈到转折连词的重要性,事实上,转折连词就是Erater那篇文章中所谓的AnnotatedDiscourseElementsidentifier,所以说,我们要尽量用这些identifier让Erater看出我们写得每句话的作用来,大家会发现,我中间每段最后一句话都是以标志性副词开头,而且各不相同,这就是为了降低由于repetition而导致到得分率低(Erater那篇文章有提到),所以能用这种标志性副词就多用,我的附件里面有很多此类标志性副词,短语,大家多多使用,当然也不是滥用,呵呵呵。
至于AA,结构模板就更为有用了,
开头结尾的模板是标准的,中间三段如何写,且待我我慢慢讲来
Inthisargument,
theauthorconcludes/recommendsthat…Tojustifyhisclaim,theauthorassumes/reasons/points
outthat…Additionally,theauthorreasonsthat…Furthermore,theauthoralsoassumes
that…Meanwhile,theauthorprovidesevidencethat….Moreover,theauthorcites
variousotherexamplesthat…(citestheexampleof…)Whiletheauthor’sargumenthassomemerit,itsuffersfrom
severalcriticalflaws.
Tosumup,the
arguerfailstovalidatetheconclusion/recommendationthat….Tobolsterit,
thearguershouldprovidemoreconcreteevidencetodemonstratethat…Inaddition,
thearguershouldhavetoruleouttheabovementionedpossibilitiesthatwould
determinethearguer’sclaim.Furthermore/Additionally,inordertoaccessthe
argument,westillneedmoreinformationconcerning…(Tobetteraccessthe
accuracyofthearguer’srecommendation,itwouldbeusefultoknow…)inaddition,tosolidifytheconclusion,theauthorshould
provideconcreteevidenceaswelltodemonstratethat…(TS)
大家要记住,中间三段足够了,不用写上四段,因为根据Erater里面的描述,多过三段不会多给分,少过三段会扣分(呵呵,偶把Erater的标准给仔细研究了一番)
中间三段,每段可以采取这样的结构,底下给每个部分替代的语言
(Start)<
TS>
.=>
(Rebuttal)
(eg.However,thisisnotnecessarilythecase
(Evidence)=>
Forexample(反例)=>
Conclusion
(eg.infact,itisfallacioustodrawanyconclusiononthebasisofsuch
limitedevidence)
======================
Start
1.
Concede…Theauthor(still)commitsafallacyof“After
this,thereforebecauseofthis”inassumingthatAisthecauseofB.
2.
Theauthor’ssolutionrests/relies/dependsontheassumption
thatAisthecauseofB..
3.
Anotherflawthatsignificantlyunderminesthisargumentis
thattheauthorneglectstoindicate…(Anotherproblemthatseriouslyweakensthelogicofthis
argumentisthat)
4.
Theconclusionunjustifiablyreliesonthepollwhilethe
validityofthesurveyitselfisdoubtful
5.
Theauthorunfairlyassumesthat…Theauthor’slineof
reasoningisthat
6.
Theauthorhasbeenengagedin“after
this,thereforebecauseofthis”analysisinpresumingthatAisthe
solecausebehindB.
Rebuttal
Itisabsolutely/entirelypossiblethattheother…
Commonsenseinformsmethat…suchas…canhardly….
Actually,itisfallacioustoreachanyconclusionatall
inthefaceofsuchlimitedevidence….
Conclusion
Lackingamorecomprehensiveanalysisofthecauses,itispresumptuous
fortheauth