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ItwasalsoachronicleoftheChinesepeople'
svaliantstrugglesfornationalindependenceandindefenseoftheirstatesovereignty,territorialintegrityandnationaldignity.TheoriginandevolutionoftheTaiwanissuearecloselylinkedwiththatperiodofhistoryandsoon.
ForvariousreasonsTaiwanisstillseparatedfromthemainland.Unlessanduntilthisstateofaffairsisbroughttoanend,thetraumaontheChinesenationwillnotbehealedandtheChinesepeople'
sstrugglefornationalreunificationandterritorialintegritywillcontinue.
Asweknown,itisthesacredrightofeachandeverysovereignStateandafundamentalprincipleofinternationallawtosafeguardnationalunityandterritorialintegrity.NoonecanunderstandtheseparatestateasChina.WhatisthepresentstateoftheTaiwanissue?
Whatisthecruxoftheproblem?
WhatarethepolicypositionandviewsoftheChineseGovernmentregardingthesettlementofthisissue?
Inordertofacilitateabettersolution,itisnecessarytomakeastudyasfollowings.
CHAPTERII
THEHISTORYOFTAIWANANDTHEORIGINOFTAIWANISSUE
TaiwanHistory-anInalienablePartofChina
LyingoffthesoutheasterncoastoftheChinamainland,TaiwanisChina'
slargestislandandformsanintegralwholewiththemainland.ItwasknownasYiZhouorLyukyuinantiquitiesasonepartofChinasinceancienttimes.ManyhistoricalrecordsandannalsdocumentedthedevelopmentofTaiwanbytheChinesepeopleinearlierperiods.Referencestothiseffectweretobefound,amongothers,inSeaboardGeographicGazetteercompiledmorethan1,700yearsagobyShenYingoftheStateofWuduringtheperiodoftheThreeKingdoms.Thiswastheworld'
searliestwrittenaccountofTaiwan.Severalexpeditions,eachnumberingovertenthousandmen,had
beensenttoTaiwanbytheStateofWuandtheSuiDynasty.
Sinceearlyseventeenthcentury,theChinesepeoplebegantostepupthedevelopmentinTaiwan.By1893,thepopulationexceeded2.54millionpeoplein507,000ormorehouseholds.Thatwasa25-foldincreasein200years.TheybroughtinamoreadvancedmodeofproductionandsettledthewholelengthandbreadthofTaiwan.Thedevelopmentoftheislandasawholegreatlyaccelerated.ThiswasthehistoricalfactofhowTaiwan,liketheotherpartsofChina,cametobeopenedupandsettledbytheChinesepeopleofvariousnationalities.
FromtheverybeginningtheTaiwansocietyderivedfromthesourceoftheChineseculturaltradition.ThisbasicfacthadnotchangedevenduringthehalfcenturyofJapaneseoccupation.ThehistoryofTaiwan'
sdevelopmentisimbuedwiththeblood,sweat,andingenuityoftheChinesepeopleincludingthelocalethnicminorities.
ChinesegovernmentsofdifferentperiodssetupadministrativebodiestoexercisejurisdictionoverTaiwan.Asearlyasinthemid-12thcenturytheSongDynastysetupagarrisoninPenghuputtingtheterritoryunderthejurisdictionofJinjiangCountyofFujian'
sQuanzhouPrefecture.TheYuanDynastyinstalledanagencyofpatrolandinspectioninPenghutoadministertheterritory.Duringthemid-andlate16thcenturytheMingDynastyreinstatedtheonceabolishedagencyandsentreinforcementstoPenghuinordertowardoffforeigninvaders.In1662,GeneralZhengChenggonginstitutedChengtianPrefectureonTaiwan.Subsequently,theQinggovernmentexpandedtheadministrativestructureinTaiwan,therebystrengtheningitsruleovertheterritory.In1684,aTaiwan-XiamenPatrolCommandandaTaiwanPrefectureAdministrationweresetupunderthejurisdictionofFujianProvince.Theseinturnexercisedjurisdictionoverthreecountiesontheisland:
Taiwan,FengshanandZhuluo.In1714,theQinggovernmentorderedthemappingofTaiwantodetermineitssize.In1721,anofficeofimperialsupervisorforinspectingTaiwanwascreatedandtheTaiwan-XiamenPatrolCommandwasrenamedPrefectureAdministrationofTaiwanandXiamen,incorporatingthesubsequently-createdZhanghuaCountyandDanshuiCanton.In1727,theadministrationontheislandwasreconstitutedasthePrefectureAdministrationofTaiwanandincorporatedthenewPenghuCanton.TheterritorythenbecameofficiallyknownasTaiwan.TheQinggovernmentcreatedTaibeiPrefecture,JilongCantonandthreecountiesofDanshui,XinzhuandYilanin1875inordertoupgradetheadministrationofTaiwan.In1885,thegovernmentformallymadeTaiwanafullprovincecoveringthreeprefecturesandonesub-prefectureandincorporating11countiesand5cantons.LiuMingchuanwasappointedfirstGovernorofTaiwan.Duringhistenureofoffice,railwayswerelaid,minesopened,telegraphserviceinstalled,merchantshipsbuilt,industriesstartedandnew-styleschoolssetup.Considerablesocial,economicandculturaladvancementinTaiwanwasachievedasaresult.
AftertheChinesepeople'
svictoryinthewaragainstJapaneseaggressionin1945,theChinesegovernmentreinstateditsadministrativeauthorityinTaiwanProvince.
Sincethelate15thcenturyWesterncolonialistsstartedtograbandconquercoloniesinabigway.
In1624,DutchcolonialistsinvadedandoccupiedthesouthernpartofTaiwan.TwoyearslaterSpanishcolonialistsseizedthenorthernpartofTaiwan.In1642,theDutchevictedtheSpaniardsandtookovernorthTaiwan.
TheChinesepeopleonbothsidesoftheStraitswagedvariousformsofstruggleincludingarmedinsurrectionsagainsttheinvasionandoccupationofTaiwanbyforeigncolonialists.
In1661,GeneralZhengChenggongledanexpeditiontoTaiwanandexpelledtheDutchcolonialistsfromtheislandinthefollowingyear.
JapanlaunchedawarofaggressionagainstChinain1894.Intheensuingyear,asaresultofdefeattheQinggovernmentwasforcedtosigntheTreatyofShimonoseki,cedingTaiwantoJapan.Thiswantonbetrayalandhumiliationshockedthewholenationandtouchedoffastormofprotests.Athousandormorecandidatesfromall18provincesincludingTaiwanwhohadassembledinBeijingfortheImperialExaminationsignedastrongly-wordedpetitionopposingthecedingofTaiwan.InTaiwanitself,peoplewailedandbemoanedthebetrayalandwentongeneralstrikes.Tosupportthisstruggle,peopleonthemainland,particularlyinthesoutheasternregion,showedtheirsolidaritybygenerousdonationsororganizingvolunteerstoTaiwantofighttheJapaneseforces.TaiwancompatriotsneverceasedtheirdauntlessstrugglethroughouttheJapaneseoccupationwiththesupportfromtheirmainlandcompatriots.The1920sand1930switnessedsurgingwavesofmassactionsweepingacrosstheislandagainstJapanesecolonialrule.
In1937theChinesepeoplethrewthemselvesintoanall-outwarofresistanceagainstJapaneseaggression.InitsdeclarationofwaragainstJapan,theChineseGovernmentproclaimedthatalltreaties,conventions,agreements,andcontractsregardingrelationsbetweenChinaandJapan,includingtheTreatyofShimonoseki,hadbeenabrogated.ThedeclarationstressedthatChinawouldrecoverTaiwan,Penghuandthefournortheasternprovinces.AftereightyearsofgruelingwaragainstJapaneseaggression,theChinesepeoplewonfinalvictoryandrecoveredthelostterritoryofTaiwanin1945.
TheinternationalcommunityhasacknowledgedthefactthatTaiwanbelongstoChina.TheCairoDeclarationissuedbyChina,theUnitedStatesandGreatBritainon1December1943statedthisfact.ThePotsdamProclamationsignedbyChina,theUnitedStatesandGreatBritainon26July1945(subsequentlyadheredtobytheSovietUnion)reiterated:
"
ThetermsoftheCairoDeclarationshallbecarriedout."
On15Augustofthesameyear,Japandeclaredsurrender.TheinstrumentofJapan'
ssurrenderstipulatedtoacceptthedeclarationunconditionally.On25OctobertheceremonyforacceptingJapan'
ssurrenderinTaiwanProvinceoftheChinawartheateroftheAlliedpowerswasheldinTaibei.OntheoccasionthechiefofficerforacceptingthesurrenderproclaimedonbehalfoftheChinesegovernmentthatfromthatdayforwardTaiwanandthePenghuArchipelagohadagainbeenincorporatedformallyintotheterritoryofChinaandthattheterritory,people,andadministrationhadnowbeenplacedunderthesovereigntyofChina.
Fromthatpointintimeforward,TaiwanandPenghuhadbeenputbackunderthejurisdictionofChinesesovereignty.
TheOriginOfTheTaiwanIssue
a.ThereasonfordivisionalongtheTaiwanstrait.
TaiwanwasreturnedtoChinaattheendoftheSecondWorldWar.
Itbecameanissueonlyasanaftermathoftheensuinganti-popularcivilwarstartedbyKMT(Kuomintang),andmoreespecially,duetotheinterventionbyforeignforces.
(1)TaiwanissuecamefromtheresultofChinesecivilwar.
DuringthewarofresistanceagainstJapaneseaggression,theChineseCommunistPartyandotherpatrioticgroupspressedKuomintangintoanationalunitedfrontwiththeCommunistPartytofightJapaneseimperialistaggression.Aftervictoryofthewar,theKuomintangcliquetoreupthe10October1945agreementbetweenthetwoPartiesandlaunchedanall-outanti-popularcivilwarrelyingonU.S.support.After3yearspeople'
sliberationwarledbytheCommunistParty,thegovernmentofthe"
RepublicofChina"
inNanjingwasfinallyoverthrownbytheChinesepeople.ThePeople'
sRepublicofChinawasproclaimedon1October1949.AgroupofmilitaryandpoliticalofficialsoftheKuomintangcliquetookrefugeinTaiwanand,withthesupportofthethenU.S.administration,createdthedivisionbetweenthetwosidesoftheStraits.
(2)Taiwanstraitsbecamethen