Ch03Word文档格式.docx

Ch03Word文档格式.docx

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c.Overtimepayisduetime-and-a-halfforhoursover40workedinaweek,notformorethan8hoursinaday.

d.Someindustriesareexemptfromminimumwageandovertimepay,includingfishing,seasonalemployees,executiveandmanagementemployees,andoutsidessalespeople.Therearepartialexemptionsforlearners,apprentices,students,andhandicappedpersonnel.

e.Childlaborlawsrestrictchildrenintheworkplace.Fourteen-andfifteen-yearoldsmaydolightwork;

exemptionsarefornewspaperdelivery,actors,workingforparents,andagriculture.

f.EqualPayforEqualWorkmeansmenandwomenshouldbepaidthesameforthesamework;

thisamendmentwasaddedin1963.

2.UnemploymentInsuranceispartoftheSocialSecurityAct.Itisintendedforworkerswhobecomeunemployedbynofaultoftheirown.

a.Unemploymentinsuranceispaidbytheemployer;

theamountpaiddependsonclaimsmadeagainstthem.

b.Therearespecialexemptionsforfamilybusinessesandagriculturalemployees.

c.Employeesmustworkaminimumnumberofweeksandbeready,willing,andabletotakenewemploymentinordertobeeligibleforunemployment.

d.Anemployeewhoisreleasedforgoodcauseisnoteligibletoreceiveunemploymentbenefits.

3.SocialSecurity（FICA）hasbeenchangedtotryandpreserveitsfinancialstability.

a.ItcoversMedicare,retirement,disability,anddeathbenefits.

b.Mostemployeesarecovered;

thereisnotachoicetooptoutofcoverage.

c.WithholdingratesaresetbyCongress;

theemployerpaysashareaswell,andwithholdingisrequiredtoanearningslimit.

4.EmployeeRetirementIncomeSecurity（ERISA）waspassedtoregulateprivatepensionplans,butitdoesnotrequirepensionplans.

a.Theprimarypurposesinclude.

∙Ensuresmanagementisnotfavored

∙Employeesvestedinreasonabletime

∙Establishesfinancialcontrolrulesrelatedtopensiontrustfunds

∙Provespensionterminationinsurance

b.PensionBenefitGuarantyCorporationprovidesprotectionincasepensionplanhasinsufficientassetstomakepaymentstobeneficiaries.

c.Healthmaintenanceorganizationsareoverseenbythisact;

itcontinuestobeanareaofdebate.

5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthActwasestablishedin1970.

a.Purposesinclude:

∙Ensuresafeworkplaceforemployees

∙Establishsafetyandhealthstandards

b.Providesguidelinesforinspections.

∙Employersarenotmadeawareofinspectionspriortothevisit.

∙InvestigationsmaybestartedduetoemployeecomplaintsorHSHA.

∙Anemployercanrequireasearchwarrant.

∙Citationsaregivenforviolations.

c.Employeehealthconcernsandcomplaintsfocusonhealthproblemsordiscomfortfromthejob.Complaintstendtorelatetorepetitivestraininjuries,visualdysfunction,musculoskeletalproblems,emotionaldisturbance,andpsychologicaldisturbance.

d.Theentireorganizationisresponsibleforhealthandsafety;

however,immediatesupervisorshavedirectresponsibility.

e.Penaltiesmaybeintheformoffines,injunctions,andcriminalactions.

f.OSHAhasbeenreorganizedtoreduceinspectionsandfocusonhealthstandardsmore.

6.Workers’Compensationprovidescoveragetoemployeeswhoareincapacitatedbecauseofaccidentalinjury,disease,ordeathwhileonthejob.

a.Employerpaymentsbasedonclaimsandnumberofemployees.

b.Employeeiseligibleifinjuryhappensonthejob;

theinterpretationcontinuestobeliberalandnegligenceonthepartoftheemployeedoesnotdisqualifyhimorher.

B.EmploymentDiscrimination

1.TitleVIIoftheCivilRightsActwasenactedin1964;

itregulatescompanieswith15ormoreemployees.

a.Theactprohibitsdiscriminationbasedonrace,color,religion,gender,nationalorigin.

b.Companiescannotdiscriminateinhiring,retaining,promoting,orlayingoffemployees.

c.Bonafideoccupationalqualificationsmayplayaroleinlegaldiscrimination.

d.EnforcementishandledbytheEEOC.

e.TheburdenofproofisonemployeeortheEEOContheemployee’sbehalf.

f.Remediesmayincludeinjunctions,backpay,reinstatement,orpromotion.

2.EqualPayforEqualWorkActrequiresequalpayregardlessofgender,aslongastheemployeesaredoingequalworkundersimilarconditions.

a.Paydifferencesarepermittedifpayisbasedonquantityproducedinapieceworkenvironment.

b.Theremedyforviolationraiseslower-wagedemployeetotheleveloffavoredemployee.

3.AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentActoriginallyappliedtoworkersbetween40and70yearsold,butnowitappliestothose40andover.

a.Theactprohibitsdiscriminationbasedonagewhenworkersareatleast40yearsold.

b.Thereareexceptionsforcertainjobslikeairlinepilots,police,andfiremenbecauseoftherelianceonphysicalskillsforthirdparties.

c.Damagescanincludereinstatement,backpay,andattorneyfees.

4.RehabilitationActof1973isenforcedbytheEEOC.

a.Theactcoversfederalgovernmentemployeesorthoseworkingongovernmentcontracts.

b.Employerswhoparticipateincontractsof$2,500peryearormorearerequiredtotakeaffirmativeactioninhiringhandicappedindividuals.

c.Handicappedindividualsmustshowtheyareotherwisequalifiedforthejob.

d.Damagescanincludeseverance,hiringorreinstatement,orpaymentofbackwages.

5.AmericanswithDisabilitiesActisanextensionoftheCivilRightsAct（1964）.Itrequiresbusinessestomakereasonableaccommodationsthatdon’tcreateahardshiponthebusiness.

a.Thegeneralareasoftheactrangefrompublicservicesandbuildingcodestoemploymentpracticesconcerningdisabledpersons.

b.Thelegislationappliestobusinesseswith25ormoreemployees.

6.FamilyandMedicalLeaveActwasenactedbecauseemploymentpolicieslackedsuchopportunities.

a.Enactedbecauseofchangesinhouseholdmakeupandpossiblediscriminationcouldhaveoccurred.Someofthesituationswerebecauseofthelargenumberofhouseholdswhereallparents（one-ortwo-parenthouseholds）workoutsidethehome,inadequatejobsecurityforthosewithillnesses,andtheincreaseinwomenintheworkforce

b.Itisdesignedtobalancebusinessandfamilyneeds,allowforreasonablemedicalleave,andpromotionofequalemploymentopportunities.

c.Inordertobeeligible,youmustbeemployedfor12monthsor1,250hoursduringtheprevious12months.

d.Employerswith50ormoreemployeeswhowork20weeksayeararecovered.

e.Theemployeeisentitledto12workweeksina12monthperiodforbirthoradoptionofachild,careofemployeeorafamilymemberwithaserioushealthproblem.

7.PregnancyDiscriminationActprohibitsdiscriminationbasedonpregnancyandprotectsjobsduringmaternityleave（includingbenefitsandseniority）.

C.Labor-ManagementRelations（PrivateEmployers）

1.NationalLaborRelationsAct（NLRA）coverslabor-managementrelationsofprivateemployers.

a.TheactisenforcedbytheNationalLaborRelationsBoard（NLRB）.

b.Itcoversemployersengagedinprivatebusinessaffectingcommerce（interstatesellingand/orpurchasing）.

c.Itprotectsemployeesinterestedinforming,joining,andbeingmembersofunions（ornot）,ensuresfairelections,enforcescollectivebargaining,andoverseesunfairlaborpracticesoneitherside.

2.WagnerAct（1935）wasthefirstcomprehensivefederallaborlegislation.

a.ItestablishedtheNLRBtooverseeunion-managementrelations,includingelections.

b.Itgaveemployeestherighttoassist,form,andjoinaunion.

c.Italsoestablishedofunfairlaborpracticesonthepartoftheemployer.

3.Taft-HarleyAct（1947）establishedtheNLRA,whichcombinedtheWagnerActandTaft-HarleyActs.

a.Theactidentifiedadditionalunfairlaborpracticesonthepartoftheemployer.

b.Italsoidentifiedunfairlaborpracticesonthepartoftheunion.

c.Theactpermittedaunionshopandaccompanyingprovisions.

d.Freespeechwasestablishedonthepartoftheemployer.

e.Righttoworklawestablishedtherightofstatestooutlawunionshopsintheirstate.

4.Landrum-GriffinAct（1959）dealswiththeinternaloperationandmanagementofunionsandestablishesrights.

a.Unionmembershavearighttovoteinanelectionofunionofficers.

b.Conductofmeetingsallowedunionmemberstherighttoattendandvote.

c.Managementofunionfundswasoutlined.

5.MeansandEffectofUnionRecognition

a.Voluntaryrecognitionoftheunionisacceptable,butnotrequired.TheemployercanforcetheuniontoseekanNLRBunionelection.

b.Unionrecognitionmeanstheunionrepresentsallemployeeswithinthebargainingunit.

6.TheElectionProcessincludes:

a.Orderforelectionoccurswhenauthorizationcardsarereceivedfrom30percentormoreoftheemployees.

b.AunionelectionisdeclaredbytheNLRBifitisappropriate.

c.Amajorityvoteisrequiredfromtheemployees.

d.Unioncampaignprotectsemployeesfromcertainactivitiesonthepartoftheemployerlikespying,pollingthem,offeringnewbenefitsorworkingcondit