Using Parallel Structures and Fixing Sentence Problems文档格式.docx

Using Parallel Structures and Fixing Sentence Problems文档格式.docx

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MyEnglishconversationclassismadeupofChinese,Spaniards,andBosnians.

（Theitemsareallnouns.）

Theteacherwantedtoknowwhichcountrywecamefromandwhatourfuturegoalswere.

（Theitemsarebothnounclauses.）

Thestudentswhodowellattendclass,dotheirhomework,andpracticespeakinginEnglish.

（Theitemsareallverbs+complements.）

Thelanguageskillsofthestudentsintheeveningclassesarethesameasthelanguageskillsofthestudentsinthedayclasses.

（Theitemsarebothnounphrases.）

1.Youmaysubstituteapronounforthesecond"

thelanguageskills"

inthelastexample:

Thelanguageskillsofthestudentsintheeveningclassesarethesameasthoseofthestudentsinthedayclasses.

2.Allthewordsinthefirstitemdonotalwayshavetoberepeatedinthesecond.Youmayrepeatallorsomeofthewords,dependingonwhatyouwishtoemphasize.Thefollowingsentencesarebothcorrect:

Beforeyouwriteapaperorbeforeyoutakeatest,youmustorganizeyourthoughts.

Beforeyouwriteapaperortakeatest,youmustorganizeyourthoughts.

Parallelism

With

Coordinators:

And,Or,But

Words,phrases,andclausesthatarejoinedbyand,or,andbutarewritteninparallelform.Noticetheparallelstructuresjoinedbycoordinatorsinthefollowingsentences.

TheFederalAirPollutionControlAdministrationregulatesautomobileexhausts,andtheFederalAviationAdministrationmakessimilarregulationsforaircraft.

Thestatesregulatethenoisecreatedbymotorvehiclesbutnotbycommercialaircraft.

Pesticidescannotbesoldiftheyhaveaharmfuleffectonhumans,onanimallife,orontheenvironment

Useparallelformswiththepairedconjunctionsboth...and,either...or,

WithCorrelative

（Paired）Conjunctions

neither...nor,andnotonly...butalso.

Pairedconjunctionsareplaceddirectlybeforetheelementstheyjoininthesentence.

Noticetheparallelstructuresintheseclausesjoinedbypairedconjunctions:

Anewlawprovidesthemeansforbothregulatingpesticidesandorderingtheirremovaliftheyaredangerous.

Airpollutantsmaycomeeitherfromtheoceanasnaturalcontaminantsgivenoffbysealifeorfromtheinternalcombustionenginesofautomobiles.

Ifneitherindustrynorthepublicworkstowardreducingpollutionproblems,futuregenerationswillsuffer.

Manypeopleareneitherconcernedaboutpollutantsnorworriedabouttheirfutureimpact.

Atthepresenttime,airpollutioniscontrolledthroughlawspassednotonlytoreducethepollutantsattheirsourcesbutalsotosetupacceptablestandardsofairquality.

PRACTICEI

parallelism

A.Twoormoreitemsineachofthefollowingsentencesarewritteninparallelgrammaticalform.Underlinetheitemsorideasthatareparallel,andcirclethewordorwordsthatconnecttheparallelstructures.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.

1.Anidealenvironmentforstudyingincludesgoodlighting,aspaciousdesk,andacomfortablechair.

2.Youknowyouaretrulyfluentinanotherlanguagewhenyoucancalculateinitandwhenyoubegintodreaminit.

3.Peopleoftenspendasmuchtimeworryingaboutthefutureasplanningforit.

4.Youcanlearnasecondlanguageintheclassroom,athome,orinacountrywherethelanguageisspoken.

5.Mynewpersonalcomputerisbothfastandreliable.

6.Myoldtypewriterisneitherfastnorreliable.

7.Annisgrowingolderbutunfortunatelynotwiser.

8.Youngpeoplebuycomputersnotonlytodoschoolworkbutalsotoplaygames.

9.Ifindustrialnationscontinuetobumfossilfuelsandifdevelopingnationscontinuetobumtheirrainforests,thelevelofCO2intheatmospherewillcontinuetoincrease.

10.Beforethejudgeannouncedthepunishment,heaskedthemurdererifhewantedtospeakeithertothevictim'

sfamilyortothejury.

11.Thecriminalneitheradmittedguiltnoraskedforforgivenessbeforehewassenttoprison.

B.Rewritethefollowingsentencesinparallelfonn.Underlinethepartofthesentencethatisnotparallelandcorrectit.Rememberthatyoudonothavetorepeatallthewordsintheseconditem.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.

1.Thedisadvantagesofusingacreditcardareoverspendingandyoupayhighinterestrates.

Thedisadvantagesofusingacreditcardareoverspendingandpayinghighinterestrates.

2.Creditcardsareacceptedbydepartmentstores,airlines,andtheycanbeusedinsomegasstations.

3.Youdonotneedtoriskcarryingcashortorisktomissasale.

4.Withcreditcards,youcaneitherpayyourbillwithonecheck,oryoucanstretchoutyourpayments.

5.Youcanchargebothatrestaurantsandwhenyoustayathotels.

6.Manypeoplecarrynotonlycreditcardsbuttheyalsocarrycash.

7.Manypeoplewantneithertopayofftheirbalancemonthlynordotheylikepayinginterest.

8.Notmakinganypaymentortosendinonlytheminimumpaymenteverymonthispoormoneymanagement.

and

or

but

both…and

either…or

neither…nor

notonly…butalso

twoweekendactivitiesyouenjoy

twofoodsyouwouldnoteat/givetoababy

oneschoolsubjectthatyouexcelatandonethatyoustrugglewith

twoadvantagesofbeingbilingual

twoplacesyoumightspendamonth'

svacationorahoneymoon

twoplacesyouwouldneverspendamonth'

tworeasonstogetacollegedegree

SentenceProblems

Inthissection,youwillleamtorecognizeandcorrectsomecommonerrorsinsentencestructure:

sentencefragmentsandchoppy,run-on,and"

stringy"

sentences.

SentenceFragments

Sentencefragmentsareincompletesentencesorpartsofsentences.Rememberthatacompletesentencemustcontainatleastonemainorindependentclause.Studythefollowingexamplesofsentencefragmentsandthesuggestedmethodsforcorrectingthem.

1.Becausesomestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofclasses.

PROBLEM:

Thisisadependentclause.Itbeginswithasubordinator（because）.Itdoesnotexpressacompletethoughtbecausethereisnoindependentclause.

ToCORRECT:

（1）Addanindependentclause.

Becausesomestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofcourses,theyhaveverylittlefreetime.

（2）Deletethesubordinator（because）.

Somestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofclasses.

2.Forexample,theincreaseinthecostofrentinganapartment.

Toliveandworkforatleastayearinaforeigncountry.

Neithersentencehasaverb.

Rewriteeachsentencesothatithasaverb.

Forexample,theincreaseinthecostofrentinganapartmentisonereasonformorepeoplebeinghomeless.

Toliveandworkforatleastayearinaforeigncountryhasalwaysbeenmydream.

3.Teacherswhogivetoomuchhomework.

Thisisanoun（teachers）+anadjectiveclause（whogivetoomuchhomework）.Thenounisthebeginningofanindependentclausethatwasneverfinished.

Finishtheindependentclause.

Teacherswhogivetoomuchhomeworkareunpopular.

Alwayscheckyourownwritingforsentencefragments.Payparticularattentiontosentencesbeginningwithsubordinators（although,since,because,if,before,andsoon）.TheseareDANGERWORDS!

Makesurethateveryclausebeginningwiththesewordsisattachedtoanindependentclause.

PRACTICE2

RewritingSentenceFragments

A.Readthefollowingsentences.MarkthemFrag.iftheyaresentencefragments,orCompoiftheyarecompletesentences.Onaseparatesheetofpaper,rewriteeachfragmenttomakeacompletesentence.

___1.Thedesireofallhumankindtoliveinpeaceandfreedom,forexample.

___2.Second,afactthatmenarephysicallystrongerthanwomen.

___3.ThebestmovieIsawlastyear.

___4.Titanicwasthemostfinanciallysuccessfulmovieevermade,worldwide.

___5.Forexample,manystudentshavepart-timejobs.

___6.Althoughpeoplewanttobelievethatallmenarecreatedequal.

___7.Findingasuitablemarriagepartnerisachallengingtask.

___8.Manyofmyfriendswhodidnothavetheopportunitytogotocollege.

___9.Workingduringthemorningandattendingclassesduringtheafternoon.

___10.BecauseIdonotfeelthatgradesincollegehaveanyvalue.

___11.AtsunamithatoccurredintheIndianOceaninDecember2004,killingmorethan200,000people.

___12.ThetotalenergyofthetsunamiwaveswasaboutfivemegatonsofTNT.

___13.MorethantwicethetotalexplosiveenergyusedduringallofWorldW