Using Parallel Structures and Fixing Sentence Problems文档格式.docx
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MyEnglishconversationclassismadeupofChinese,Spaniards,andBosnians.
(Theitemsareallnouns.)
Theteacherwantedtoknowwhichcountrywecamefromandwhatourfuturegoalswere.
(Theitemsarebothnounclauses.)
Thestudentswhodowellattendclass,dotheirhomework,andpracticespeakinginEnglish.
(Theitemsareallverbs+complements.)
Thelanguageskillsofthestudentsintheeveningclassesarethesameasthelanguageskillsofthestudentsinthedayclasses.
(Theitemsarebothnounphrases.)
1.Youmaysubstituteapronounforthesecond"
thelanguageskills"
inthelastexample:
Thelanguageskillsofthestudentsintheeveningclassesarethesameasthoseofthestudentsinthedayclasses.
2.Allthewordsinthefirstitemdonotalwayshavetoberepeatedinthesecond.Youmayrepeatallorsomeofthewords,dependingonwhatyouwishtoemphasize.Thefollowingsentencesarebothcorrect:
Beforeyouwriteapaperorbeforeyoutakeatest,youmustorganizeyourthoughts.
Beforeyouwriteapaperortakeatest,youmustorganizeyourthoughts.
Parallelism
With
Coordinators:
And,Or,But
Words,phrases,andclausesthatarejoinedbyand,or,andbutarewritteninparallelform.Noticetheparallelstructuresjoinedbycoordinatorsinthefollowingsentences.
TheFederalAirPollutionControlAdministrationregulatesautomobileexhausts,andtheFederalAviationAdministrationmakessimilarregulationsforaircraft.
Thestatesregulatethenoisecreatedbymotorvehiclesbutnotbycommercialaircraft.
Pesticidescannotbesoldiftheyhaveaharmfuleffectonhumans,onanimallife,orontheenvironment
Useparallelformswiththepairedconjunctionsboth...and,either...or,
WithCorrelative
(Paired)Conjunctions
neither...nor,andnotonly...butalso.
Pairedconjunctionsareplaceddirectlybeforetheelementstheyjoininthesentence.
Noticetheparallelstructuresintheseclausesjoinedbypairedconjunctions:
Anewlawprovidesthemeansforbothregulatingpesticidesandorderingtheirremovaliftheyaredangerous.
Airpollutantsmaycomeeitherfromtheoceanasnaturalcontaminantsgivenoffbysealifeorfromtheinternalcombustionenginesofautomobiles.
Ifneitherindustrynorthepublicworkstowardreducingpollutionproblems,futuregenerationswillsuffer.
Manypeopleareneitherconcernedaboutpollutantsnorworriedabouttheirfutureimpact.
Atthepresenttime,airpollutioniscontrolledthroughlawspassednotonlytoreducethepollutantsattheirsourcesbutalsotosetupacceptablestandardsofairquality.
PRACTICEI
parallelism
A.Twoormoreitemsineachofthefollowingsentencesarewritteninparallelgrammaticalform.Underlinetheitemsorideasthatareparallel,andcirclethewordorwordsthatconnecttheparallelstructures.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.
1.Anidealenvironmentforstudyingincludesgoodlighting,aspaciousdesk,andacomfortablechair.
2.Youknowyouaretrulyfluentinanotherlanguagewhenyoucancalculateinitandwhenyoubegintodreaminit.
3.Peopleoftenspendasmuchtimeworryingaboutthefutureasplanningforit.
4.Youcanlearnasecondlanguageintheclassroom,athome,orinacountrywherethelanguageisspoken.
5.Mynewpersonalcomputerisbothfastandreliable.
6.Myoldtypewriterisneitherfastnorreliable.
7.Annisgrowingolderbutunfortunatelynotwiser.
8.Youngpeoplebuycomputersnotonlytodoschoolworkbutalsotoplaygames.
9.Ifindustrialnationscontinuetobumfossilfuelsandifdevelopingnationscontinuetobumtheirrainforests,thelevelofCO2intheatmospherewillcontinuetoincrease.
10.Beforethejudgeannouncedthepunishment,heaskedthemurdererifhewantedtospeakeithertothevictim'
sfamilyortothejury.
11.Thecriminalneitheradmittedguiltnoraskedforforgivenessbeforehewassenttoprison.
B.Rewritethefollowingsentencesinparallelfonn.Underlinethepartofthesentencethatisnotparallelandcorrectit.Rememberthatyoudonothavetorepeatallthewordsintheseconditem.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyouasanexample.
1.Thedisadvantagesofusingacreditcardareoverspendingandyoupayhighinterestrates.
Thedisadvantagesofusingacreditcardareoverspendingandpayinghighinterestrates.
2.Creditcardsareacceptedbydepartmentstores,airlines,andtheycanbeusedinsomegasstations.
3.Youdonotneedtoriskcarryingcashortorisktomissasale.
4.Withcreditcards,youcaneitherpayyourbillwithonecheck,oryoucanstretchoutyourpayments.
5.Youcanchargebothatrestaurantsandwhenyoustayathotels.
6.Manypeoplecarrynotonlycreditcardsbuttheyalsocarrycash.
7.Manypeoplewantneithertopayofftheirbalancemonthlynordotheylikepayinginterest.
8.Notmakinganypaymentortosendinonlytheminimumpaymenteverymonthispoormoneymanagement.
and
or
but
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
notonly…butalso
twoweekendactivitiesyouenjoy
twofoodsyouwouldnoteat/givetoababy
oneschoolsubjectthatyouexcelatandonethatyoustrugglewith
twoadvantagesofbeingbilingual
twoplacesyoumightspendamonth'
svacationorahoneymoon
twoplacesyouwouldneverspendamonth'
tworeasonstogetacollegedegree
SentenceProblems
Inthissection,youwillleamtorecognizeandcorrectsomecommonerrorsinsentencestructure:
sentencefragmentsandchoppy,run-on,and"
stringy"
sentences.
SentenceFragments
Sentencefragmentsareincompletesentencesorpartsofsentences.Rememberthatacompletesentencemustcontainatleastonemainorindependentclause.Studythefollowingexamplesofsentencefragmentsandthesuggestedmethodsforcorrectingthem.
1.Becausesomestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofclasses.
PROBLEM:
Thisisadependentclause.Itbeginswithasubordinator(because).Itdoesnotexpressacompletethoughtbecausethereisnoindependentclause.
ToCORRECT:
(1)Addanindependentclause.
Becausesomestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofcourses,theyhaveverylittlefreetime.
(2)Deletethesubordinator(because).
Somestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofclasses.
2.Forexample,theincreaseinthecostofrentinganapartment.
Toliveandworkforatleastayearinaforeigncountry.
Neithersentencehasaverb.
Rewriteeachsentencesothatithasaverb.
Forexample,theincreaseinthecostofrentinganapartmentisonereasonformorepeoplebeinghomeless.
Toliveandworkforatleastayearinaforeigncountryhasalwaysbeenmydream.
3.Teacherswhogivetoomuchhomework.
Thisisanoun(teachers)+anadjectiveclause(whogivetoomuchhomework).Thenounisthebeginningofanindependentclausethatwasneverfinished.
Finishtheindependentclause.
Teacherswhogivetoomuchhomeworkareunpopular.
Alwayscheckyourownwritingforsentencefragments.Payparticularattentiontosentencesbeginningwithsubordinators(although,since,because,if,before,andsoon).TheseareDANGERWORDS!
Makesurethateveryclausebeginningwiththesewordsisattachedtoanindependentclause.
PRACTICE2
RewritingSentenceFragments
A.Readthefollowingsentences.MarkthemFrag.iftheyaresentencefragments,orCompoiftheyarecompletesentences.Onaseparatesheetofpaper,rewriteeachfragmenttomakeacompletesentence.
___1.Thedesireofallhumankindtoliveinpeaceandfreedom,forexample.
___2.Second,afactthatmenarephysicallystrongerthanwomen.
___3.ThebestmovieIsawlastyear.
___4.Titanicwasthemostfinanciallysuccessfulmovieevermade,worldwide.
___5.Forexample,manystudentshavepart-timejobs.
___6.Althoughpeoplewanttobelievethatallmenarecreatedequal.
___7.Findingasuitablemarriagepartnerisachallengingtask.
___8.Manyofmyfriendswhodidnothavetheopportunitytogotocollege.
___9.Workingduringthemorningandattendingclassesduringtheafternoon.
___10.BecauseIdonotfeelthatgradesincollegehaveanyvalue.
___11.AtsunamithatoccurredintheIndianOceaninDecember2004,killingmorethan200,000people.
___12.ThetotalenergyofthetsunamiwaveswasaboutfivemegatonsofTNT.
___13.MorethantwicethetotalexplosiveenergyusedduringallofWorldW