华中师范大学08年考博真题Word文件下载.docx

华中师范大学08年考博真题Word文件下载.docx

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PartIReadingComprehension（40%）

Directions:

Inthisparttherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheoneyouthinkisthebestanswer,andthenwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.

PassageOne

InAmerica’sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem,agoodlawyerisessential.AskO.JSimpson.Inalandmarkcase35yearsago,Gideonv.Wainwright,aunanimousSupremeCourtruledthatindigentdefendantsmustbeprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpensebecausetherecouldbenofairtrialinaseriouscriminalcasewithoutone.“Thisseemstoustobeanobvioustruth,”wroteJusticeHugoBlackinhisopinion.Atthetime,thedecisionwashailedasatriumphforjustice,anexampleofAmerica’scommitmenttotheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.

ThisistheimagemostAmericansstillhaveoftheircriminal-justicesystem---thefairestintheworld,inwhichanydefendant,nomatterhow,getsasmartlawyerwho,toooften,managestogettheculpritoffonatechnicality.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.About80%ofpeopleaccusedofafelonyhavetodependonapublicly-providedlawyer;

butoverthepasttwodecadestheeagernessofpoliticianstolookharshoncrime,theirreluctancetopayforpublicdefenders,andaseriesofSupremeCourtjudgmentsrestrictingthegroundsforappealhavemadeamockeryofGideon.Todaymanyindigentdefendants,includingthosefacinglongtermsofimprisonmentorevendeath,aretreatedtoa“meet’emandplead’em”defense---abriefconsultationinwhichaharriedorincompetentlawyerencouragesthemtopleadguiltyonifthatfail,strugglethroughashorttrialinwhichthedefenseismassivelyoutgunnedbyamoreexperienced,better-paidandbetter-preparedprosecutor.

“Wehaveawealth-basedsystemofjustice,”saysStephenBright,thedirectoroftheSouthernCenterforHumanRights.“Forthewealthy,it’sgold-plated.Fortheaveragepoorperson,it’slikebeingherdedtotheslaughter-house.Inmanyplacestheadversarialsystembarelyexistsforthepoor.”

Manylawyers,ofcourse,havemadeheroiceffortsforparticulardefendantsforlittleornopay,butthecharityoflawyerscanbereliedontohandleonlyatinyfractionofcases.Asspendingonpolice,prosecutorsandprisonshassteadilyclimbedinthepastdecade,increasingthenumberofpeoplechargedandimprisoned,spendingonindigentdefensehasnotkeptpaceoverwhelminganalreadyhard-pressedsystem.

1.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatO.JSimpsonwasprobably______.

A.apersonwhowasfoundnotguiltybecausehehiredaverygoodlawyer.

B.apersonwhowonhiscasebecausehewasprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpense.

C.apersonwhowasdeniedalawyerandthuslosthiscaseinthecourt.

D.abrilliantlawyerwhowonnumerouscasesfortheaveragepoorpeople.

2.Whatistheauthor’sviewofAmerica’sadversariallegalsystem?

A.Itistheembodimentoftheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.

B.Itisthefairestcriminal-justicesystemintheworld.

C.Asitis,itbenefitstherichbutworksagainstthepoor.

D.Itisunfairbynatureandshouldbeoverhauled.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Lawyerswhoprovidedefenseforthepooroftenworkheroicallyforlittleornopayatall.

B.Ascrimerateincreases,Americanpoliticianshavebecomemoretoleranttowardscrimethanbefore.

C.InAmerica,ifapersonrefusestoacceptthejudgmentofalowercourt,hecanalwaysappealtotheSupremeCourt.

D.Government-providedlawyerstendtogothroughtheformalitiesofdefenseandprovetobenomatchfortheprosecutors.

4.Whatistheauthor’sspecificpurposeinwritingthispassage?

A.Toappealformorepublicspendingoncourtdefenseforthepoor.

B.TocriticizeAmerica’sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem.

C.TodrawattentiontotheinjusticeoftheAmericanlegalsystem.

D.Tomakeasuggestiononhowtomendthecriminal-justicesystem.

PassageTwo

Themediacanimpactcurrentevents.AsagraduatestudentatBerkeleyinthe1960s,IrememberexperiencingtheeventsrelatedtothePeople’sParkthatwereoccurringoncampus.SomeoftheseeventsweregivennationalmediacoverageinthepressandonTV.Ifounditinterestingtocomparemyimpressionsofthatwasgoingonwithperceptionsobtainedfromthenewsmedia.Icouldbegintoseeeventsofthattimefeedonnewscoverage.Thisalsoprovidedmewithsomehealthyinsightsintothedistinctionsbetweentheserealities.

Electronicmediaarehavingagreaterimpactonthepeople’sliveseveryday.Peoplegathermoreandmoreoftheirimpressionsfromrepresentations.Televisionandtelephonecommunicationsarelinkingpeopletoaglobalvillage,orwhatonewritercallstheelectroniccity.Considertheinformationthattelevisionbringsintoyourhomeeveryday.Consideralsothecontractyouhavewithotherssimplybyusingtelephone.Thesemediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact.Forexample,thevideocoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakefocusedon“liveaction”suchasthefiresortherescueefforts.Thisgavetheviewertheimpressionoftotaldisaster.TelevisioncoverageoftheIraqiWaralsodevelopedanyimmediacy.CNNreportedeventsastheyhappened.Thiscoveragewasdistributedworldwide.Althoughmostpeoplewerefarawayfromtheseevents,theydevelopedsomeperceptionoftheserealities.

In1992,manypeoplewatchedinhorrorasriotsbrokeoutonasadWednesdayeveninginLosAngeles,seeminglyfedbyvideocoveragefromhelicopters.ThiseventwastriggeredbytheverdictintheRodneyKingbeating.Wearenowinanagewherethepubliccanhaveaccesstoinformationthatenablesittomakeitsownjudgment,andmostpeople,whohadseenthevideoofthisbeating,couldnotunderstandhowthejurywasabletoacquitthepolicemeninvolved.Mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccuralsoprovidespowerfulfeedbackthatinfluencesevents.Thiscanhaveharmfulresults,asitseemedonthatWednesdaynightinLosAngeles.ByFridaynightthepublicgottoseeRodneyKingontelevisionpleading,“Canweallgetalong?

”BySaturday,televisionseemedtoprovidepositivefeedbackastheLosAngelesriotturnedoutintoarallyforpeace.Thetelevisionshowedthousandsofpeoplemarchingwithbannersandcleaningtools.Becauseofthat,manymorepeopleturnedouttojointhepeacefuleventtheysawunfoldingontelevision.Therealhealing,ofcourse,willtakemuchlonger,butelectronicmediawillcontinuetobeapartofthatprocess.

5.Thebesttitleforthepassageis_____.

A.The1992LosAngelesRiots.

B.TheImpactofMediaonCurrentEvents.

C.The1989SanFranciscoEarthquakeandthe1992LosAngelesRiots.

D.HowMediaCoverEvents.

6.AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTthat____.

A.electronicmediacanextendone’scontactwiththeworld.

B.thoselivingfarawayfromacertaineventcanalsohavesomeperceptionofrealitiesbywatchingtelevision.

C.alltheeventsoccurringontheuniversitycampusatBerkeleyweregivennationalmediacoverage.

D.videocoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakegavetheviewerstheimpressionoftotaldisaster.

7.The1992LosAngelesriotsbrokeoutbecause______.

A.thejuryacquittedthepolicemenwhohadbeatenRodneyKing.

B.peoplecanmaketheirownjudgments.

C.videocoveragefromhelicoptershadmadepeopleangry.

D.videocoveragehadprovidedpowerfulfeedback.

8.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.

A.mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccurcanhaveeithergoodorbadresults.

B.mostpeoplewhohadseenthevideooftheRodneyKingbeatingagreewiththeverdictofthejury.

C.the1992LosAngelesriotslastedawholeweek.

D.RodneyKingseemedveryangrywhenheappearedontelevisiononFriday.

PassageThree

Nooneknowsforsurewhenorwherethefirstcowwentmad,butthefirstrecordedcaseoccurredinDecember1984whenadairycowonafarminWestSussexbegantoactstrange.Thatcow,identifiedonlyasNo.133inaBritishgovernmentreport,diedtwomonthslate,asotheronthesamefarmfellill.Anautopsyononein1985founditsbrainfullofhole,likeasponge.Sickanimalsturneduponotherfarms,andby1986theBritishknewtheywerefacinganepidemicofaterriblenewcattledisease.

By1994,theillnesshadspreadtopeople,probablyfromeatingbeef.Thediseaseinspiresfearbecauseitisfatalandpeoplehavenowaytoknowingtheyhavebeeninfecteduntiltheygetsick.Manyvictimswereyoung,includingsomeintheirteensand20s.

LateracowinWashingtonStatewasfoundinfected.IftheWashingtoncowwasinfectedbyfeed,itseemsunlikelythatonlyonecouldhavebeeninfected,sincefeedisshared.Butifthecowdevelopedthediseasespontaneously,whichistheoreticallypossiblethoughnotprovedtooccurincows,thenitmaybepossibletohaveonemadcowatatime.

ManyscientiststhinkBritain’smadcowepidemichaditsoriginsinscrape,aspongiformbraindiseasethatoccursinsheepandgoats.Thenamecomesfromthesickanimals’tendencytorubagainstthingsandscrapeoffpatchesofwool.Butawidely（thoughnotuniversally）acceptedtheoryholdsthatmadcowdiseaseandseveralotherrelatedbraindisordersarecausednotbybacteriaorviruses,butbyprion,abnormalproteinsthatbuildupanddamagethebrain.

ThetermprionandthetheoryweredevelopedbyDr.StanleyB.Prusiner,aneurologistwhowonaNobelPrizein1997.Dr.PrusinerbuiltontheworkofanotherresearcherwhowonaNobelPrizein1976,Dr.D.CarletonGajdusek.Dr.GajdusekprovedthatmembersoftheForetribeinNewGuineac