新GRE阅读与真题分析Word下载.docx

新GRE阅读与真题分析Word下载.docx

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老GRE阅读从篇幅上分有长文章和短文章；

而在新GRE阅读中不但保留原来的长文和短文，还增加了只有一到四句话的超短文章，称之为微文。

微文虽然微小，但极具逻辑。

试看下例（新GRE官方指南P71）：

IntheUnitedStatesbetween1850and1880,thenumberoffarmerscontinuedtoincrease,butataratelowerthanthatofthegeneralpopulation

Whichofthefollowingstatementsdirectlycontradictstheinformationpresentedabove?

A.Thenumberoffarmersinthegeneralpopulationincreasedslightlyinthe30yearsbetween1850and1880.

B.TherateofgrowthoftheUnitedStateslaborforceandtherateofgrowthofthegeneralpopulationrosesimultaneouslyinthe30yearsbetween1850and1880.

C.TheproportionoffarmersintheUnitedStateslaborforceremainedconstantinthe30yearsbetween1850and1880.

D.TheproportionoffarmersintheUnitedStateslaborforcedecreasedfrom64percentin1850to49percentin1880.

E.Theproportionoffarmersinthegeneralpopulationincreasedfrom68percentin1850to72percentin1880.

仔细考量这道微文题，明显感到这不是传统的阅读理解，而是对思维的考察，这就是微文题目的特点。

ETS正是要通过微文题来实现其改革的两大目标：

强调复杂推理能力和强调量化推理能力。

过去的GRE因为在这两方面的欠缺，导致了大多商学院只认可GMAT对能力的测试。

而如今，GRE为了与GMAT竞争，故而自我完善，弥补欠缺。

而且ETS还选择了一条最取巧的道路——模仿GMAT的逻辑题。

（新GRE官方指南P313）：

Inthepasttenyears,therehavebeenseveralimprovementsinmountain-climbingequipment.Theseimprovementshavemadethesportbothsaferandmoreenjoyableforexperiencedclimbers.Despitetheseimprovements,however,therateofmountain-climbinginjurieshasdoubledinpasttenyears.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestreconcilestheapparentdiscrepancypresentedinthepassage?

A.Manyclimbers,lulledintoafalsesenseofsecurity,usethenewequipmenttoattemptclimbingfeatsofwhichtheyarenotcapable.

B.Somemountain-climbinginjuriesarecausedbyunforeseeableweatherconditions.

C.Mountainclimbing,althoughadangeroussport,doesnotnormallyresultininjurytotheexperiencedclimber.

D.Inthepasttenyearstherehavebeenimprovementsinmountain-climbingtechniquesaswellasinmountain-climbingequipment.

E.Althoughtherateofmountain-climbinginjurieshasincreased,therateofmountain-climbingdeathshasnotchanged.

即文中出现了一个奇怪或矛盾的现象，题目要求给予解释或调和。

这在GMAT逻辑中是司空见惯的解释题。

（新GRE官方指南P310）：

AtacertainperiodinEarth’shistory,itsatmospherecontainedalmostnooxygen,althoughplantswereproducingvastquantitiesofoxygen.Asawayofreconcilingthesetwofacts,scientistshavehypothesizedthatnearlyalloftheoxygenbeingproducedwastakenupbyirononEarth’ssurface.Clearly,however,thisexplanationisinadequate.NewstudiesshowthattheamountofirononEarth’ssurfacewasnotsufficienttoabsorbanywherenearasmuchoxygenaswasbeingproduced.Therefore,somethinginadditiontotheirononEarth’ssurfacemusthaveabsorbedmuchoftheoxygenproducedbyplantlife.

Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A.Thefirstisaclaimmadebytheargumentinsupportofacertainposition;

thesecondisthatposition.

B.Thefirstisajudgmentmadebytheargumentaboutacertainexplanation;

thesecondisthatexplanation.

C.Thefirstexpressestheargument’sdismissalofanobjectiontothepositionitseekstoestablish;

D.Thefirstsumsuptheargument’spositionwithregardtoacertainhypothesis;

thesecondprovidesgroundsforthatposition.

E.Thefirstisaconcessionbytheargumentthatitsinitialformulationofthepositionitseekstoestablishrequiresmodification;

thesecondpresentsthatpositioninamodifiedform.

初次接触这种BOLDFACE题的同学，一定是一头雾水，不知从何下手。

但这在GMAT中已经考了十年有余了，早已总结出非常有效的破解方式，只要抓住几个关键词，就能把答案迅速遴选出来。

当然在原有的GRE阅读中也有着重考察思维的题目，比如会有加强题和削弱题，但其难度远小于GMAT逻辑中的同类题型。

但在新GRE中，情况似乎发生了变化。

请看下题（新GRE官方指南P321）：

Sparva,unlikeTreland’sotherprovinces,requiresautomobileinsurerstopayforanymedicaltreatmentssoughtbysomeonewhohasbeeninvolvedinanaccident;

intheotherprovinces,insurerspayfornonemergencytreatmentonlyiftheypreapprovethetreatment.Clearly,Sparva’slessrestrictivepolicymustbetheexplanationforthefactthataltogetherinsurerstherepayforfarmoretreatmentsafteraccidentsthaninsurersinotherprovinces,eventhoughSparvadoesnothavethelargestpopulation.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthentheargument?

A.CarinsurancecostsmoreinSparvathaninanyotherprovince.

B.ThecostofmedicalcareinSparvaishigherthanthenationalaverage.

C.Differenceinsurancecompanieshavedifferentstandardsfordeterminingwhatconstitutesemergencytreatment.

D.FewerinsurancecompaniesoperateinSparvathaninanyotherprovince.

E.TherearefewertrafficaccidentsannuallyinSparvathaninanyoftheprovincesofcomparableorgreatpopulation.

表面上看，这就是一道GRE阅读中传统的加强题，只不过原来在长文或短文章中出现，而现在微文中了。

但深入体会，发现其加强的思路在靠近GMAT的考法。

过去对原文推理的加强一般都停留在对论据或结论的支持上，这当然是比较肤浅的。

而这道题，其论据（Sparva’slessrestrictivepolicy）与其结论（insurersinSparvapayforfarmoretreatments）都是原文所引述的事实，无需支持。

所以对该推理的加强就在于对其因果关系的支持，这正是GMAT加强题的精髓，同时更是对推理能力的考察。

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Passage1

Manytheorieshavebeenformulatedtoexplaintheroleofgrazerssuchaszooplanktonincontrollingtheamountofplanktonicalgae（phytoplankton）inlakes.Thefirsttheoriesofsuchgrazercontrolweremerelybasedonobservationsofnegativecorrelationsbetweenalgalandzooplanktonnumbers.Alownumberofalgalcellsinthepresenceofahighnumberofgrazerssuggested,butdidnotprove,thatthegrazershadremovedmostofthealgae.Theconverseobservation,oftheabsenceofgrazersinareasofhighphytoplanktonconcentration,ledHardytoproposehisprincipleofanimalexclusion,whichhypothesizedthatphytoplanktonproducedarepellentthatexcludedgrazersfromregionsofhighphytoplanktonconcentration.Thiswasthefirstsuggestionofalgaldefensesagainstgrazing.

Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet（netphytoplankton）,apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplankton（nannoplankton）thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.Increasingly,asintheindividualstudiesofLund,Round,andReynolds,researchersbegantostresstheimportanceofenvironmentalfactorssuchastemperature,light,andwatermovementsincontrollingalgalnumbers.Theseenvironmentalfactorswereamen-abletofieldmonitoringandtosimulationinthelaboratory.Grazingwasbelievedtohavesomeeffectonalgalnumbers,especiallyafterphytoplanktongrowthratesdeclinedattheendofbloomperiods,butgrazingwasconsideredaminorcomponentofmodelsthatpredictedalgalpopulationdynamics.

Thepotentialmagnitudeofgrazingpressureonfreshwaterphytoplanktonhasonlyrecentlybeendeterminedempirically.StudiesbyHargraveandGeenestimatednaturalcommunitygrazingratesbymeasuringfeedingratesofindividualzoo-planktonspeciesinthelaboratoryandthencomputingcommunitygrazingratesforfieldconditionsusingtheknownpopulationdensityofgrazers.Thehighestimatesofgrazingpressurepostulatedbytheseresearcherswerenotfullyaccepted,however,untilthegrazingratesofzooplanktonweredetermineddirectlyinthefield,bymeansofnewexperimentaltechniques.

　　Usingaspeciallypreparedfeedingchamber,Haneywasabletorecordzooplanktongrazingratesinnaturalfieldconditions.Intheperiodsofpeakzooplanktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer,Haneyrecordedmaximumdailycommunitygrazingrates,fornutrientpoorlakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytoplanktonproduction.Cladoceranshadhighergrazingratesthancopepods,usuallyaccountingfor80percentofthecommunitygrazingrate.Theseratesvariedseasonally,reachingthelowestpointinthewinterandearlyspring.Haney’sthoroughresearchprovidesconvincingfieldevidencethatgrazerscanexertsignificantpressureonphytoplanktonpopulation.

1.TheauthormostlikelymentionsHardy’sprincipleofanimalexclusioninorderto

（A）giveanexampleofonetheoryabouttheinteractionofgrazersandphytoplankton

（B）defendthefirsttheoryofalgaldefensesagainstgrazing

（C）supportthecontentionthatphytoplanktonnumbersarecontrolledprimarilybyenvironmentalfactors

（D）demonstratethesuperiorityoflaboratorystudiesofzooplanktonfeedingratestootherkindsofstudiesofsuchrates

（E）refuteresearcherswhobelievedthatlownumbersofphytoplanktonindicatedthegrazingeffectoflownumberofzooplankton

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“firsttheories”ofgrazercontrolmentionedinline3wouldhavebeenmoreconvincingifresearchershadbeenableto

（A）observehighphytoplanktonnumbersundernaturallakeconditions

（B）discovernegativecorrelationsbetweenalgaeandzooplanktonnumbersfromtheirfieldresearch

（C）understandthecentralimportanceofenvironmentalfactorsincontrollingthegrowthratesofphytoplankton

（D）makeverifiablecorrelationsofcauseandeffectbetweenzooplanktonandphytoplanktonnumbers

（E）inventlaboratorytechniquesthatwouldhaveallowedthemtobypasstheirfieldresearchconcerninggrazercontrol

3.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldcallintoquestionHardy’sprincipleofanimalexclusion?

（A）Zooplanktonarenottheonlyorganismsthatareaffectedbyphytoplanktonrepellents.

（B）Zooplanktonexclusionisunrelatedtophytoplanktonpopulationdensity.

（C）Zooplanktonpopulationdensityishigherduringsomepartsoftheyearthanduringothers.

（D）Netphytoplanktonaremorelikelytoexcludezooplanktonthanarenannoplankton.

（E）Phytoplanktonnumberscanbestron