戴伟栋语言学笔记Word格式文档下载.docx

戴伟栋语言学笔记Word格式文档下载.docx

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Thebow-wowtheory:

thesuggestionisthatprimitivewordscouldhavebeenimitationsofthenaturalsoundswhichearlymenandwomenheardaroundthem.

The"

Yo-heave-ho"

theory:

thesoundsproducedbyhumanswhenexertingphysicaleffort,especiallywhenco-operatingwithotherhumans,maybetheoriginsofspeechsounds.

Onomatopoeicsounds

③Theoral-gesturesource

Itisclaimedthatoriginallyasetofphysicalgestureswasdevelopedasameansofcommunication.

Thepatternsofmovementinarticulationwouldbethesameasgesturalmovement;

hencewavingtonguewoulddevelopfromwavinghand.

④Glossogenetics（言语遗传学）

Thisfocusesmainlyonthebiologicalbasisoftheformationanddevelopmentofhumanlanguage.

Physiologicaladaptationà

developnamingabilityà

interactionsandtransactions

Physicaladaptation:

Humanteethareuprightandroughlyeveninheight.

Humanlipshaveintricatemuscleinterlacing,thusmakingthemveryflexible.

Thehumanmouthissmallandcontainsaveryflexibletongue.

Thehumanlarynxislowered,creatingalongercavitycalledthepharynx,andmakingiteasierforthehumantochokeonthepiecesoffood,butmakingthesoundspeechpossible.

Thehumanbrainislateralized.Thoseanalyticfunctions（tool-usingandlanguage）arelargelyconfinedtothelefthemisphereofthebrainformosthumans.

Twomajorfunctionsoflanguage:

Interactional:

asocialfunctionoflanguage.

Transactional:

afunctioninvolvingthecommunicationofknowledgeandinformation

[B]Thepropertiesoflanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

a）System:

combinedtogetheraccordingtorules

b）Arbitrary:

nointrinsicconnectionbetweentheword"

pen"

andthethingintheworldwhichitrefersto

c）Vocal:

theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages

d）Human:

languageishuman-specific（交际性与信息性）

Communicativevs.Informative:

Communicative:

intentionallyusinglanguagetocommunicatesomething

Informative:

through/viaanumberofsignalsthatarenotintentionallysent

Designfeatures（uniqueproperties）:

thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

①Displacement（跨时空性，移位性）

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker（refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations）

②Arbitrariness（任意性）

Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform（eithersoundorword）anditsmeaning.

Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.

a）echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:

onomatopoeicwords

b）somecompoundwords

③Productivity（能产性，创造性）

Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.（Creativityoropen-endedness）

④Culturaltransition（文化传递性）

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis（everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage）,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.

⑤Discreteness（可分离性）

Eachsoundinthelanguageistreatedasdiscrete.

⑥Duality（双重结构性，两重性或二元性）

Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword（doublearticulation）

Theabovesixpropertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguage.

Vocal-auditorychannel,reciprocity,specialization,non-directionality,orrapidfade,thesepropertiesarebesttreatedaswaysofdescribinghumanlanguage,butnotasameansofdistinguishingitfromothersystemsofcommunication.

[C]Thedevelopmentofwrittenlanguage

①pictograms&

ideograms（象形文字和表意文字）

Pictogram:

whensomeofthepicturescametorepresentparticularimagesinaconsistentway,wecanbegintodescribetheproductasaformofpicture-writing,orpictograms.

Ideogram:

thepicturedevelopedasmoreabstractandusedotherthanitsentityisconsideredtobepartofasystemofidea-writing,orideogram

Hieroglyph:

古埃及象形文字

②Logograms（语标书写法）

Whensymbolscometobeusedtorepresentwordsinalanguage,theyaredescribedasexamplesofword-writing,orlogograms.

"

Arbitrariness"

-awritingsystemwhichwasword-basedhadcomeintoexistence.

Cuneiform--楔形文字-theSumerians（5000and6000yearsago）

Chineseisoneexampleofitsmodernwritingsystem.

Advantages:

twodifferentdialectscanbebasedonthesamewritingsy