CHAPTER 10CONTROLLING PROJECT COSTTIMEAND QUALITYWord文档下载推荐.docx

CHAPTER 10CONTROLLING PROJECT COSTTIMEAND QUALITYWord文档下载推荐.docx

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PROJECTCONTROLOBJECTIVES

Standards

Actuals

BASICCONTROLTHEORY

PREPARINGAPROJECTFORCONSTRUCTION

CostBaseline

TimeBaseline

BaselineSummary

MINIMUMCOSTSCHEDULING

Crashing

COSTANDSCHEDULEPERFORMANCEMODELS

IncomeProjection

PaymentProjection

CONTROLINACTION

CostEngineering

ProgressEvaluationandControl

CostandSchedulePerformance

ProjectDocumentation

CONCLUSION

STUDENTLEARNINGOBJECTIVES

Inthischapteryouwilllearnthefollowing:

1.Theobjectivesofaprojectcontrolsystem

2.Thebasicsofhowaprojectcontrolsystemworks

3.Theprocessofpreparingaprojectforconstructionandcontrol

4.Themodelsusedtomonitorandcontrolcashinflowsandoutflows

5.Howtoproperlymeasureanddocumentcostandscheduleperformance

INTRODUCTION

Projectcontrolbeginswiththeidentificationoftheowner'

sobjectivesandendswhenthoseobjectiveshavebeenmet.Theowner,thedesigner,andtheconstructionprofessionaltogetherdesign,estimate,andscheduletheprojecttomeettheseobjectives.Thisisthebasisofthecontrolsystem.Onlargeorcomplicatedprojects,thecontroleffortisamajorundertakingwithmultipleorganizationsinvolved.

Thepurposeofprojectcontrolistoguaranteethattheproject'

sdesign,budget,andschedulearemetbytheprojectteam.Ifanyobjectivebeginstoslip,thecontrolsystemwillidentifythisdeviationearlysothattheappropriatecorrectioncanbemade.

Projectcontrolbeginswithaplanthatidentifiestheobjectivesoftheprojectandspecificcheckpointsthroughouttheprojectcycle.Theplanisaroadmapthatallowstheprojectteamtoconstantlymonitorandmakecorrectionsasnecessary.Itconsistsofdesigndocumentsforqualitychecks,anestimatethatestablishesbudgetrequirements,andascheduleforprojectmilestonedates.

Projectcontrolisanaction-basedprocessthatencouragescontinualmonitoringofoperations.Tobesuccessful,theactualworkwithitscostanddurationmustbecompletelyandaccuratelydocumented.Comparisonsshoujdbemadetoprojectstandardsandvariancesnoted.Bycreatingsuchafeedbackloop,adjustmentscanbemadeforupcomingactivities.Inaddition,actualdurations,costs,andimportanteventsshouldberecordedforuseonfutureprojects.

Theprojectcontrolprocessincludesthefollowingsteps,whichactasafeedbackloop:

1.Thecontrolprocessdocumentsprogressandallowstheprojectteamtoadjusttounexpectedoccurrences,suchaschangeorders,strikes,orbadweather.

2.Costsandtimeofcompletionarecontinuallyupdated.

3.Areportingsystemnotifiesallnecessarypartiesoftheprojectstatus.Thisallowstheinputofoutsidetechnicalexpertsandseniormanagers,whocanassistandplanadjustmentsasnecessary.

4.Theprojectcontrolsystemisiterative:

theprocessoccursoverandover,encouragingcontinualadjustmentoftheprojectplan.

Standards

Asystemofcontrolisessentialforthesuccessfuldeliveryofanyconstructionproject.Tobegintheprocess,managersfirstestablishthestandardsthatdefinesuccessfortheconstructionproject.Cost,schedule,andqualityarethebasisofthesestandardsandareconfiguredsothattheyaremeasurableandcanprovidedirectiontotheproject.Theprojectteamwillcontinuallyusethesestandardstocheckprogressandprovidedirection.Justastransportaircraft,cargoships,andtruckersaretrackedatspecificcheckpointstomonitorprogress,constructionprojectsmustcontinuallyreportin.

Thestandardsusedforcontrolvarybyprojectdependingonthelevelofcontrolnecessary.Fast-pacedprojectswithmanypartiesandcontractualobligationsmustbemoretightlymonitoredthanasinglecontractor'

sexcavationproject,forinstance.Drawingsandspecificationsdefinethestandardsforqualitycontrol.Drawingsdefinethequantityofworkrequired,locations,andwidthsandheights.Specificationsprovideperformancestandardsthataddressalignment,compressionstrengths,finishes,andsoon.Theprojectestimateestablishestheoverallbudgetfortheprojectandcanbebrokendowntospecifymilestonecostsforeachcomponentofwork.Thescheduledefineswhenspecificworkitemsneedtobeaccomplishedaswellasprovideskeymilestoneanddeliverydates.Estimatingdatacanbeintegratedwithscheduleinformationtoprovideadditionalprojectstandards.

Measurementstandardsserveasthegoalsfortheprojectparticipants.Theyaretargetsand,ifwellthoughtout,canorganizeaverycomplicatedproject.Eachprojectparticipantcanbegivenataskwithacorrespondingbudgetandtimeframeinwhichtoaccomplishthejob.Forexample,acarpentercanbegiventhetaskofframingo