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ParadiseLostisanepicpoemwhich—liketheepicpoemsofHomer,Dante,Vergil,andGoethe—tellsastoryaboutmomentouseventswhileincorporatinggrandthemesthataretimelessanduniversal.
DateCompleted
MiltoncompletedthefirstversionofParadiseLostin1667.Itconsistedof10books.In1668and1669,headdedanintroductorycommentabouttheverseformandaspecialsectionwithsummariesofeachbook.In1674,hepublishedthefinalversionoftheepic,inwhichhedividedBooks7and10intotwobookseach.Thecompletedworkthushad12booksinsteadof10.Healsoplacedeachsummaryatthebeginningofthebookitsummarized.
Sources
MiltonusedtheBible,Homer'
sIliadandOdyssey,Vergil'
sAeneid,andthestoriesinGreco-Romanmythologyassourcesofinformationandaswritingmodels.TheBible'
sBookofGenesisisthemainsourceforhisretellingofthestoryofcreationandthefirsthumans,AdamandEve.
Settings
Thesettingsareheaven,hell,thefirmament(苍穹)(Chaos),andearth.
Characters
GodtheFather,GodtheSon:
(trinity)Twoofthethreedivinepersonsmakinguptheall-powerfulGodhead,thesingledeity(神性)thatcreatedandruledallthatexistsoutsideofitself.Thethirddivineperson,theHolySpirit,doesnotplayaroleinParadiseLost.GodtheFatherisportrayedasjustbutmerciful,condemning(批判)thedefiant(目中无人)andunrepentant(不后悔的)rebelangelsbutpermittingredemptionoftherepentantAdamandEve.GodtheSonvolunteerstoredeemthembybecominghumanandenduringsufferinganddeath.
Satan(Lucifer,Archfiend):
Powerfulandpridefulangelwho,withlegions(众多的)ofsupporters,leadsanunsuccessfulrebellionagainstGodandsufferseternaldamnation.Togainrevenge,hedevisesaplantocorruptGod'
snewlycreatedbeings,AdamandEve,throughdeceit.Modernreadersoftenadmirehimforhissteelydefiance(藐视).Hewouldratherruleinhell,hesays,thanserveinheaven.ItwasnotMilton'
sintent,however,tocreateanadmirablecharacter;
ratherhisintentwastocreateacharacterofcolossal(巨大的)hatred—loathsome(令人讨厌的),execrable(恶劣的),incurablyremorseless(冷酷无情的).
AdamandEve:
Thefirsthumanbeings,createdbyGodtofillthevoid(真空)thatresultedwhenGodcastSatanandhissupportersoutofthecelestialrealm.AdamandEveliveontheplanetearthinutterhappinessinaspecialgardenwherespringistheonlyseasonandloveandgodlylivingprevail.Thoughtheyhaveallthattheywantandneed,cunningSatantellsthemtheycanhaveknowledgeandstatusbeyondtheirreachifonlytheyeatofthefruitoftheTreeofKnowledge.Evecanbecomeagoddess,hesays.Vanityovertakesher.Sheeats.Adamreluctantlydoesthesame.
Gabriel,Raphael,Michael,Uriel:
PowerfulandfearlessangelsonthesideofGod.
Beelzebub,Mammon,Belial,Moloch:
PowerfulleadersinSatan'
sarmy.Inagreatcouncilinhell,eachofthemspeakshismindonwhatpolicydevil-kindshouldfollowafterlosingparadise.Shouldtheymakeanewwar?
Shouldtheymakepeace?
Ithuriel,Zephron:
AngelswhoexpelSatanfromtheGardenofEdenwiththehelpofasignfromGod.Satanreturnstothegardenlatertocompletehisdeviousenterprise.
Mulciber:
Fallenangelwhodesignshell'
scapitalcityandseatofgovernment,Pandemonium.InancientRomanmythology,MulciberisanothernameforVulcan(Greek:
Hephaestus),godoffireandtheforge.Asablacksmith,hekeptshopinburningmountains(volcanoes).
Sin:
DaughterofSatan.ShewasbornfromhisheadinthemannerofAthena,Greekgoddessofwisdomandwar,whosprangfromtheforeheadofZeus,kingofthegods.
Death:
SonofSatanandSin
VariousOtherAngelsandDevils
Milton'
sSolarSystem
Indescribingtheplanetsandothercelestialbodies,MiltonmodelsGod’screationonthePtolemaic天动说的design(alsocalledthegeocentricdesign)ratherthantheCopernicandesign(alsocalledtheheliocentric以太阳为中心的design).Theformerplacedearthatthecenterofthesolarsystem,withthesunandothercelestialbodiesorbitingit.Copernicusandotherscientistslaterprovedthattheearthorbitsthesun.MiltonwasawareoftheCopernicantheory,butheusedthePtolemaicdesign—eitherbecausehebelieveditwasthemorecredibletheoryorbecausehebelieveditwouldbetterservehisliterarypurpose.InParadiseLost,Adaminquiresaboutthemovementsofcelestialbodies—inparticular,whetherearthorbitsthesunorviceversa—inhisconversationwiththearchangel天使Raphael,butRaphaelgivesnodefiniteanswer.RaphaelmayhavebeenspeakingforMilton.
StyleandVerseFormat
MiltonwroteParadiseLostindignified,lofty,melodicEnglishfreeofanycolloquialismsandslangsthatwouldhavelimitedthework'
stimelinessanduniversality.Theformat,Miltonsaysinanintroductorynote,is"
Englis