Thomas CarlyleWord格式.docx

Thomas CarlyleWord格式.docx

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Died

5February1881（1881-02-05）（aged 

85）

London,England

Occupation

Essayist,satirist,historian

Literarymovement

Victorianliterature,Romanticism

ThomasCarlyle（4December1795–5February1881）wasaScottishsatiricalwriter,essayist,historianandteacherduringtheVictorianera.[1]Hecalledeconomics"

thedismalscience"

wrotearticlesfortheEdinburghEncyclopedia,andbecameacontroversialsocialcommentator.

ComingfromastrictCalvinistfamily,Carlylewasexpectedtobecomeapreacherbyhisparents,butwhileattheUniversityofEdinburgh,helosthisChristianfaith.Calvinistvalues,however,remainedwithhimthroughouthislife.Thiscombination,ofareligioustemperamentwithlossoffaithintraditionalChristianity,madeCarlyle'

sworkappealingtomanyVictorianswhoweregrapplingwithscientificandpoliticalchangesthatthreatenedthetraditionalsocialorder.

Contents

∙1Earlylifeandinfluences

∙2Writings

o2.1Earlywritings

o2.2SartorResartus

o2.3TheFrenchRevolution

o2.4HeroesandHeroWorship

o2.5TheEverlastingYeaandNo

o2.6WorshipofSilenceandSorrow

o2.7FredericktheGreat

o2.8Laterwork

∙3Privatelife

o3.1Marriage

o3.2Laterlife

o3.3Death

o3.4Biography

∙4Influence

∙5Works

∙6Definitions

∙7Notes

∙8Bibliography

∙9Seealso

∙10Externallinks

Earlylifeandinfluences

BirthplaceofThomasCarlyle

CarlylewasborninEcclefechan,DumfriesandGalloway,.[1]HisparentsdeterminedlyaffordedhimaneducationatAnnanAcademy,Annan,wherehewasbulliedandtormentedsomuchthatheleftafterthreeyears.[2]Inearlylife,hisfamily'

s（andhisnation'

s）strongCalvinistbeliefspowerfullyinfluencedtheyoungman.

AfterattendingtheUniversityofEdinburgh,Carlylebecameamathematicsteacher,firstinAnnanandtheninKirkcaldy,whereCarlylebecameclosefriendswiththemysticEdwardIrving.（Confusingly,thereisanotherScottishThomasCarlyle,bornafewyearslaterandalsoconnectedtoIrving,throughhisworkwiththeCatholicApostolicChurch.）

In1819–1821,CarlylereturnedtotheUniversityofEdinburgh,wherehesufferedanintensecrisisoffaithandconversionthatwouldprovidethematerialforSartorResartus（"

TheTailorRetailored"

）,whichfirstbroughthimtothepublic'

snotice.

Carlyledevelopedapainfulstomachailment,possiblygastriculcers（whichpseudo-medicineofthetimeattributedtothis"

crisisoffaith"

[4]）,thatremainedthroughouthislifeandcontributedtohisreputationasacrotchety,argumentative,andsomewhatdisagreeablepersonality.

Hisprosestyle,famouslycrankyandoccasionallysavage,helpedcementareputationofirascibility.[5]

HebeganreadingdeeplyinGermanliterature.[1]Carlyle'

sthinkingwasheavilyinfluencedbyGermanIdealism,inparticulartheworkofJohannGottliebFichte.HeestablishedhimselfasanexpertonGermanliteratureinaseriesofessaysforFraser'

sMagazine,andbytranslatingGermanwriters,notablyGoethe（thenovelWilhelmMeistersLehrjahre）.[1]HealsowroteLifeofSchiller（1825）.[1]

In1826,ThomasCarlylemarriedJaneBaillieWelsh,herselfawriter,whomhehadmetin1821,[1]duringhisperiodofGermanstudies.

Hishomeinresidenceformuchofhisearlylife,after1828,wasafarminCraigenputtock,ahouseinDumfrieshire,Scotlandwherehewrotemanyofhisworks.[1]HeoftenwroteabouthislifeatCraigenputtock,"

ItiscertainthatforlivingandthinkinginIhaveneversincefoundintheworldaplacesofavourable....Howblessed,mightpoormortalsbeinthestraitestcircumstancesiftheirwisdomandfidelitytoheavenandtooneanotherwereadequatelygreat!

"

AttheCraigenputtockfarm,Carlylealsowrotesomeofhismostdistinguishedessays,andhebeganalifelongfriendshipwiththeAmericanessayistRalphWaldoEmerson.[1]In1834,CarlylemovedtotheChelsea,LondonsectionofLondon,wherehewasthenknownasthe"

SageofChelsea"

andbecameamemberofaliterarycirclewhichincludedtheessayistsLeighHuntandJohnStuartMill.[1]

InLondon,CarlylewroteTheFrenchRevolution:

AHistory（3volumes,1837）,asahistoricalstudyconcerningoppressionofthepoor,whichwasimmediatelysuccessful.ThatwasthestartofmanyotherwritingsinLondon.

Writings

Earlywritings

By1821,Carlylehadabandonedtheclergyasacareerandfocusedonmakingalifeasawriter.Hisfirstattemptatfictionwas"

CruthersandJonson"

oneofseveralabortiveattemptsatwritinganovel.FollowinghisworkonatranslationofGoethe'

sWilhelmMeister'

sApprenticeship,[1]hecametodistrusttheformoftherealisticnovelandsoworkedondevelopinganewformoffiction.Inaddition