Food Safety Hundred Years War1Word格式文档下载.docx
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HundredYears'
War
Wesurviveintoomuchpenicillin,pesticide,hormone,poisonmilknowadaysinChina.InAmerica,102yearsago,Americanswerealsofightingforsafefoodwithgrocers.
Fig.1.Conflictsbetweencustomersandgrocers
Duringindustrialrevolution,foodbegantobeprocessedandpackaged.Lackingregulation,manufacturerswerefreetoaddwhatevertheylikedtotheirproducts.Sweepingfromthefloorwereincludedinpepper,leadsaltswereaddedtocandyandcheese,textileinkswereusedascoloringagents,bricksdustwasaddedtococoa,andcoppersaltswereaddedtopeasandpickles(Morrow).
Atthattime,theUnitedStateswaslikeamaglevtrainthunderedforward.It’seconomygrowsfastandsocietyisbeingtransformed,variousregionsandallsectorswereconductingself-improvement-basedreformmovement.Asaresult,manyproblemswereappeared.
Inthe1880s,womenstartedorganizinggroupstoprotesttheconditionsatslaughterhousesinNewYorkCityandadulteratedfoodsinotherpartsofthecountry.
In1883,HarveyW.Wiley,chiefchemistoftheU.SAgriculturalDepartment’sBureauofChemistry,beganexperimentingwithfoodanddrugadulteration.
Meanwhile,anAmericanwriterUptonSinclairspentseveralweeksinameatpackingplantinvestigatinglaborconditionsandturnedhisdiscoveriesintoabook,TheJungle,publishedin1906.Althoughthefocusofthatbookwastheconditionsimmigrantsexperiencedintheearlytwentiethcentury,thereweregraphicdescriptionsofthefilthandpoorhygieneinpackingplants.Itcaughtthepublicattention(Morrow).
”HamwhichreturnedfromEurope,withlongwhitemold,waschoppedandfillinthesausage.Butterstoredfortoolonginwarehouse,wasmeltedagainandaddedtheborax,glycerin,returnedtocustomers’table.Insausageworkshops,placedbaitoftoxicbreadtokillhordesofrats,rawmeatandpoisonedratswereshoveledintothemeatgrinder.Workerswerescrubbingdirtyhandsinasink,andthenthewaterwasaddedtosausage.Ithaslongbeenusedtowalkingaroundontherawmeat,andevenspitonitdirectly,whilesomeworkersareTB.”(Sinclair)
Afterthebookwaspublished,U.S.meatsaleswasfallingsharply,theEuropeanmeatimportsfromtheUnitedStatesreducedbyhalf,theAnimalHusbandryinUnitedStateswaspushedintoapanic.ProblemsofU.S.meatprocessingindustrythebookexposed,ledtothethinkoffoodsafetyandhealthinpublic.
PeoplebegancomplainingtoCongressandtoPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt.PressurewasalsomountingfromforeigngovernmentsthatwantedsomeassuresthatfoodimportedfromUnitedStateswaspureandwholesome.
Twoactswerepassedin1906,thePureFoodandDrugActandtheBeefInspectionAct,toimprovefoodsafetyconditions.In1927,U.SFood,DrugandInsecticideAdministration(shortenedtoFoodandDrugAdministration)orFDAwascreatedtoenforcethePureFoodandDrugact.
ThePurefoodActwaslatersupersededin1938byPureFood,DrugandCosmeticsAct.Thisactprohibitedanyfoodordrugthatisdangeroustohealthtobesoldininterstatecommerce.
In1958,concernovercancerledtotheadoptionoftheDelaneyAmendments,whichexpandedtheFDA’sregulatorypowerstosetlimitsonpesticidesandadditives.Manufacturershadtoprovethatadditivesandpesticidesweresafebeforetheycouldbeused.
Sinclairdidn’texpectthathewaspromotingsocialprogress.
Fig.2.Thebook,TheJungle,byUptonSinclair
Therewere2booksalsohavegreateffectonAmericanfoodsafetyhistory.
By1958,AmericahasmorethanonemillionacresoflandweresprayedstronginsecticideDieldrinandHeptacblor.
In1962,abiologistRachelCarson,publishedabook,SilentSpring,withsoliddataandinformationthathumanbeingsarenotseriouslyindiscriminateabuseofpesticides,syntheticpesticides,herbicidesandotherchemicalagents,willharmbirdsandotherwildlife,throughcontaminatedfood,airandwater,directthreattohumanhealthandsurvival.
Sheadvocatedtoreducetheuseofsyntheticagents,directlyharmedthechemicalgiant'
sinterests.Theyspendthousandsofdollarshiringscientistspublishedarticlesstronglycriticizing,sarcasmandridiculeCarson'
sview,discreditherauthorityandcredibility.
ThebookwasdrawnU.S.PresidentJohnF.Kennedy’sattention.In1963,CarsonattendedtheCongressionalhearing.KennedydiscussedinCongressthisbook,andinstructedthePresidentoftheScientificAdvisoryCommittee(PSAC)toinvestigatetheissuesofpesticides.
Asaresult,Carsonwarnedaboutpotentialhazardsofpesticideswasidentified,anumberofbusinessesandbureaucratscharged.TheU.S.Congressbegantopayattentiontosetupthefirstagri-environmentalorganization.
Thisbookisthedirectconsequenceoftherelevantlegislationwasadoptedtoprohi