Food Safety Hundred Years War1Word格式文档下载.docx

Food Safety Hundred Years War1Word格式文档下载.docx

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HundredYears'

War

Wesurviveintoomuchpenicillin,pesticide,hormone,poisonmilknowadaysinChina.InAmerica,102yearsago,Americanswerealsofightingforsafefoodwithgrocers.

Fig.1.Conflictsbetweencustomersandgrocers

Duringindustrialrevolution,foodbegantobeprocessedandpackaged.Lackingregulation,manufacturerswerefreetoaddwhatevertheylikedtotheirproducts.Sweepingfromthefloorwereincludedinpepper,leadsaltswereaddedtocandyandcheese,textileinkswereusedascoloringagents,bricksdustwasaddedtococoa,andcoppersaltswereaddedtopeasandpickles（Morrow）.

Atthattime,theUnitedStateswaslikeamaglevtrainthunderedforward.It’seconomygrowsfastandsocietyisbeingtransformed,variousregionsandallsectorswereconductingself-improvement-basedreformmovement.Asaresult,manyproblemswereappeared.

Inthe1880s,womenstartedorganizinggroupstoprotesttheconditionsatslaughterhousesinNewYorkCityandadulteratedfoodsinotherpartsofthecountry.

In1883,HarveyW.Wiley,chiefchemistoftheU.SAgriculturalDepartment’sBureauofChemistry,beganexperimentingwithfoodanddrugadulteration.

Meanwhile,anAmericanwriterUptonSinclairspentseveralweeksinameatpackingplantinvestigatinglaborconditionsandturnedhisdiscoveriesintoabook,TheJungle,publishedin1906.Althoughthefocusofthatbookwastheconditionsimmigrantsexperiencedintheearlytwentiethcentury,thereweregraphicdescriptionsofthefilthandpoorhygieneinpackingplants.Itcaughtthepublicattention（Morrow）.

”HamwhichreturnedfromEurope,withlongwhitemold,waschoppedandfillinthesausage.Butterstoredfortoolonginwarehouse,wasmeltedagainandaddedtheborax,glycerin,returnedtocustomers’table.Insausageworkshops,placedbaitoftoxicbreadtokillhordesofrats,rawmeatandpoisonedratswereshoveledintothemeatgrinder.Workerswerescrubbingdirtyhandsinasink,andthenthewaterwasaddedtosausage.Ithaslongbeenusedtowalkingaroundontherawmeat,andevenspitonitdirectly,whilesomeworkersareTB.”（Sinclair）

Afterthebookwaspublished,U.S.meatsaleswasfallingsharply,theEuropeanmeatimportsfromtheUnitedStatesreducedbyhalf,theAnimalHusbandryinUnitedStateswaspushedintoapanic.ProblemsofU.S.meatprocessingindustrythebookexposed,ledtothethinkoffoodsafetyandhealthinpublic.

PeoplebegancomplainingtoCongressandtoPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt.PressurewasalsomountingfromforeigngovernmentsthatwantedsomeassuresthatfoodimportedfromUnitedStateswaspureandwholesome.

Twoactswerepassedin1906,thePureFoodandDrugActandtheBeefInspectionAct,toimprovefoodsafetyconditions.In1927,U.SFood,DrugandInsecticideAdministration（shortenedtoFoodandDrugAdministration）orFDAwascreatedtoenforcethePureFoodandDrugact.

ThePurefoodActwaslatersupersededin1938byPureFood,DrugandCosmeticsAct.Thisactprohibitedanyfoodordrugthatisdangeroustohealthtobesoldininterstatecommerce.

In1958,concernovercancerledtotheadoptionoftheDelaneyAmendments,whichexpandedtheFDA’sregulatorypowerstosetlimitsonpesticidesandadditives.Manufacturershadtoprovethatadditivesandpesticidesweresafebeforetheycouldbeused.

Sinclairdidn’texpectthathewaspromotingsocialprogress.

Fig.2.Thebook,TheJungle,byUptonSinclair

Therewere2booksalsohavegreateffectonAmericanfoodsafetyhistory.

By1958,AmericahasmorethanonemillionacresoflandweresprayedstronginsecticideDieldrinandHeptacblor.

In1962,abiologistRachelCarson,publishedabook,SilentSpring,withsoliddataandinformationthathumanbeingsarenotseriouslyindiscriminateabuseofpesticides,syntheticpesticides,herbicidesandotherchemicalagents,willharmbirdsandotherwildlife,throughcontaminatedfood,airandwater,directthreattohumanhealthandsurvival.

Sheadvocatedtoreducetheuseofsyntheticagents,directlyharmedthechemicalgiant'

sinterests.Theyspendthousandsofdollarshiringscientistspublishedarticlesstronglycriticizing,sarcasmandridiculeCarson'

sview,discreditherauthorityandcredibility.

ThebookwasdrawnU.S.PresidentJohnF.Kennedy’sattention.In1963,CarsonattendedtheCongressionalhearing.KennedydiscussedinCongressthisbook,andinstructedthePresidentoftheScientificAdvisoryCommittee（PSAC）toinvestigatetheissuesofpesticides.

Asaresult,Carsonwarnedaboutpotentialhazardsofpesticideswasidentified,anumberofbusinessesandbureaucratscharged.TheU.S.Congressbegantopayattentiontosetupthefirstagri-environmentalorganization.

Thisbookisthedirectconsequenceoftherelevantlegislationwasadoptedtoprohi